a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China. 1 Its genomic sequence is 79.6% homologous with human SARS-CoV and is responsible for the now-known coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19. 2 Globally, to date, excess of 165 million people have been infected with 3.4 million attributable deaths, and the incidence continues to increase. 3 COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness that may be complicated by pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the disease has also several extra-pulmonary manifestations involving the haematological, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary, endocrine, neurological, ophthalmological and dermatological systems. 4 Here, we shortly review the pathophysiology of COVID-19, with a special focus on the