Assessing pain behavior: the UAB Pain Behavior Scale

Richards, J. S.; Nepomuceno, C; Riles, Maxine; Suer, Zehra

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(82)90147-6

Cited by 186 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Axis III is used for somatic diagnoses. We also used a sixth variable with different aspects of pain: a pain behaviour scale [35], a visual analogue scale for measuring pain intensity, and a five-graded scale for rating degree of reduced ability to work because of pain [24]. In this study, we used only the VAS measure and the axes I-IV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain intensity and severe pain in young immigrant patients with long-standing back pain

Löfvander

Taloyan

2007

Eur Spine J

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The aim of this study was to explore if self-rated pain intensity and severe pain differed significantly between immigrants from different regions, and if other socio-economic, or clinical, characteristics could predict severe pain. A total of 129 men and 217 women at a primary health centre in Stockholm, Sweden, 27-45 years, on long-term sick leave, were recruited in consecutive order and grouped into a Turkish (n = 122), Southern European (n = 52), Middle East (n = 69) and one Mixed (n = 173) group of immigrants. All were employed in service jobs. Somatic status, depression and level of psychosocial stressors, including pain anxiety, were established by standardized procedures. All reported long-standing disabling back pain. Patients rated intensity of pain ''right now'' on a 0-100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) as a last part of the consultation with two doctors. Severe pain was defined as VAS 75-100. Median values (md) with inter-quartile ranges (IQR) were calculated for interval and ordinal data. Non-parametric statistics were used to calculate significant differences between groups. Crude and age-standardized odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as rating severe pain were calculated by binary and forward conditional logistic regression. Men and women were analyzed separately. Women had more tender points, (P \ 0.001), and reported pain anxiety more often (P \ 0.01). Frequency of depression did not differ between the immigrant groups. The VAS-values varied, but not significantly, between the immigrant groups of men and women. Men had lower VAS values than women (md 50, IQR 36-69 vs. md 72, IQR 51-85), (P \ 0.001). Women had a three-fold risk to rate severe pain (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.7). By sex, no immigrant group had significantly elevated OR to rate severe pain. Being 40-45 year old doubled the OR as rating severe pain. Men with depression, or little education, had high risks as rating severe pain (age-standardized ORs 4.1; 95% CI 1.7-10.0 and 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.8, respectively), and so had depressed women (age-standardized OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.4). Women with pain anxiety had a doubled, not statistically significant, elevated risk (age-standardized OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.95-4.3). The groups did not differ significantly in pain intensity or severe pain. Severe pain was predicted by depressed mood and probably linked to gender, age and sick roles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain intensity and severe pain in young immigrant patients with long-standing back pain

Löfvander

Taloyan

2007

Eur Spine J

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“…An alternative approach is the evaluation of behavioral manifestations of pain. [16] [100] and investigators have demonstrated that observational methods of evaluating pain behaviors are psychometrically sound when used with the general population (e.g., acute pain, communicative patients with chronic lower back pain, and osteoarthritic knee pain) and that the behaviors are sensitive to treatment effects. [73] [121] The utility and validity of these approaches with cognitively impaired older adults, however, has yet to be determined.…”

Section: Observational Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators is a modification of the UAB-PBS [100] tool involving patient observation at rest and during movement of six pain-related behaviors, including vocalizations, grimaces, bracing, rubbing, restlessness, and verbal complaints. [34] The tool addresses the unique needs of the demented population and shows preliminary validity and modest reliability with cognitively impaired older adults in the acute care setting; however, additional refinement and evaluation with larger samples in diverse settings is needed to determine its utility with the demented older adult in acute and chronic pain.…”

Section: Observational Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment and measurement of pain in older adults

Herr

Garand

2001

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

342

251

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Although the empirical base is still limited when providing clear directions for pain assessment and management in older adults, it is possible to identify recommendations for guiding practice based on consensus and a developing scientific base to support best practice activities. This article offers a brief overview of the epidemiology and consequences of pain, followed by a summary of issues and approaches relevant to pain assessment in older adults. Cohort specific recommendations for comprehensive pain assessment and measurement are then addressed. Prevalence and Consequences of Pain in Older AdultsOlder individuals frequently suffer from both acute and chronic painful diseases, have multiple diseases, and take numerous pain medications, [2] although relatively little investigative or clinical attention has been paid to the assessment of pain in the geriatric population, compared with the general population. This is surprising because populationbased figures indicate that the prevalence of pain is twofold higher in those over age 60 (250 per thousand), compared with those under age 60 (125 per thousand). [24] [79] [108] Further, prevalence estimates suggest that approximately 60% of community-dwelling older adults and up to 80% of elderly long-term care facility residents experience substantial pain.[24] [79] [108] Because pain is often remediable, [2] [25] it is thought that the high prevalence estimates of unrelieved pain in elderly persons may result from underrecognition, which in turn results in undertreatment. [65] [91] [120] The consequences of untreated pain can profoundly impact the older person's quality of life. In addition to physiologic risks associated with untreated pain (e.g., cough suppression with subsequent retention of pulmonary secretions), depression, [58] [39] [90] Therefore, it is imperative that health care professionals' knowledge and skills related to pain assessment in older adults be improved, and aggressive approaches to comprehensive pain assessment be adopted, to ensure and improve the quality of life of our senior citizens. Approaches to Pain Assessment with Older Adults Clinical AssessmentIn the clinical setting, accurate assessment of pain is critical for the identification of appropriate interventions and for evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions. Patients should be assessed regularly for the presence of pain and for improvement, deterioration, or complications attributable to pain treatment.[2] The frequency of the follow-up should be a function of the severity of the pain and the potential for adverse effects of treatment. Documentation of pain assessment formalizes the pain assessment process and is essential in the provision of individualized care from both a legal and professional perspective. [17] Inherent in the assessment of pain among older adults is the understanding of its potentially remediable components. For example, if a patient has acute pain, assessment should focus on the underlying pathology responsible for the pain stimulus. If th...

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“…Behavioural assessment was carried out with the use of the UAB Pain Behaviour Scale [4], a standardised instrument capable of assessing through direct observation the global behaviour of the patient [8]. The scale consists of 10 target behaviours, each of which contributes equally to the total score, providing a range of possible scores from 0 to 10.…”

Section: Monitoring and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these actions can be objectively analysed, quantified [6][7][8][9][10], and compared with the description that the patients themselves reported regarding their pain experience [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural evaluation in patients affected by chronic pain: a preliminary study

et al. 2006

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The aim was to analyse the existing relation between a subjective evaluation of pain with the use of the Verbal Numerical Scale (VNS) and an objective behavioural measure associated with pain, by means of the Pain Behaviour Rating Scale (UAB). An observational correlation study was carried out in a hospital environment. The study included 61 patients affected with multiple forms of non-malignant chronic pain; the behaviour was observed by the nursing staff. In general, a positive but moderate correlation was obtained between VNS and UAB scales (r=0.29, p<0.0001). Observing behaviour and listening to the patient constituted two complementary and non-interchangeable methods for assessing the level of pain capable of providing a global and objective portrayal of the pain experience.

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Assessing pain behavior: the UAB Pain Behavior Scale

Cited by 186 publications

References 4 publications

Pain intensity and severe pain in young immigrant patients with long-standing back pain

Pain intensity and severe pain in young immigrant patients with long-standing back pain

Assessment and measurement of pain in older adults

Behavioural evaluation in patients affected by chronic pain: a preliminary study

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