Article

Abstract

Monkeypox virus was transmitted from ill prairie dogs in a child care and veterinary facilities. The risk of symptomatic infection correlated with the amount of exposure to the prairie dogs. Although most cases of human monkeypox were associated with direct animal contact, other routes of transmission cannot be excluded.

Occupational Risks during a Monkeypox Outbreak, Wisconsin, 2003

“…Although our Wisconsin investigation showed no definitive evidence of human-to-human transmission of MPXV, which concurs with other states’ findings during this multistate outbreak ( 6 , 7 , 21 , 23 ), such transmission remains a possibility. Because persons who had had no direct contact with ill animals became ill with MPXV infection, person-to-person transmission within veterinary facilities might have occurred.…”

“…The preponderance of occupationally acquired cases was unique to Wisconsin during this outbreak. Among other involved states, 1 veterinarian from Indiana had a suspected case, and cases occurred in 2 employees of distributor 1 ( 7 , 21 , 22 ). …”

“…Because persons who had had no direct contact with ill animals became ill with MPXV infection, person-to-person transmission within veterinary facilities might have occurred. However, because of the lack of personal protective equipment use among the cohort members and the finding of MPXV in ill prairie dog’s urine and feces ( 21 ), environmental exposure may well account for these cases.…”

A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy

“…Three papers reported ‘attack rates’ that did not meet the formal definition for either a primary or SAR. [57, 66, 70, 71] Due to the uncertainty of how these unspecified attack rate values were obtained or what they refer to, primary household attack rates, i.e. the proportion of households with a suspected or confirmed case of monkeypox within the occupancy presenting within the incubation period of confirmed or suspected cases, could not be analysed.…”

Human CD4+ T Cell Epitopes from Vaccinia Virus Induced by Vaccination or Infection

“…Concerns about the potential use of smallpox virus as a biological weapon, combined with a high morbidity rate and contraindications to immunization with vaccinia virus in some segments of the population, and recent outbreaks of monkeypox and other related poxviruses [56,57], all highlight the need for a new generation of smallpox vaccines [58,59]. For these reasons, new strains of vaccinia virus have been developed [60,61] and subunit vaccines for smallpox are in development [11,12].…”