Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure?

Altman, K.D.; Kelman, Mark; Ward, Michael P.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019

Cited by 43 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although no statistically significant association was found between CPV genotype and vaccination status, the samples sizes for CPV-2a and CVP-2b genotypes were small, suggesting insufficient power to detect variations in vaccine protection against different genotypes. A recent Australian study found that the age at administration of the final CPV puppy vaccination was the most significant risk factor for vaccination failure and that there was no association between vaccine failure and the strain used in the vaccine's manufacture (CPV-2 or CPV-2b) [35]. To avoid any bias due to maternal antibodies in vaccinated dogs, samples within the age range of 9-16 weeks were removed from the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Live attenuated parvovirus vaccines are safe and provide protective immunity when administered at appropriate intervals [18,34]. A major cause of vaccine failure is thought to be the administration of the final vaccine dose to puppies less than 16 weeks old, when maternal antibodies can interfere with the development of immunity, although many other causes are possible [24,35].…”

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Challenges in Canine Parvovirus 2c in Vaccine Failure Cases

Yip

Peaston

Woolford

et al. 2020

Viruses

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In this study, three different diagnostic tests for parvovirus were compared with vaccination status and parvovirus genotype in suspected canine parvovirus cases. Faecal samples from vaccinated (N17) and unvaccinated or unknown vaccination status (N41) dogs that had clinical signs of parvovirus infection were tested using three different assays of antigen tests, conventional and quantitative PCR tests. The genotype of each sample was determined by sequencing. In addition to the suspected parvovirus samples, 21 faecal samples from apparently healthy dogs were tested in three diagnostic tests to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. The antigen test was positive in 41.2% of vaccinated dogs and 73.2% of unvaccinated diseased dogs. Conventional PCR and qPCR were positive for canine parvovirus (CPV) in 82.4% of vaccinated dogs and 92.7% of unvaccinated dogs. CPV type-2c (CPV-2c) was detected in 82.75% of dogs (12 vaccinated and 36 unvaccinated dogs), CPV-2b was detected in 5.17% dogs (one vaccinated and two unvaccinated) and CPV-2a in 1.72% vaccinated dog. Mean Ct values in qPCR for vaccinated dogs were higher than the unvaccinated dogs (p = 0.049), suggesting that vaccinated dogs shed less virus, even in clinical forms of CPV. CPV-2c was the dominant subtype infecting dogs in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cases. Faecal antigen testing failed to identify a substantial proportion of CPV-2c infected dogs, likely due to low sensitivity. The faecal samples from apparently healthy dogs (n = 21) showed negative results in all three tests. Negative CPV faecal antigen results should be viewed with caution until they are confirmed by molecular methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Challenges in Canine Parvovirus 2c in Vaccine Failure Cases

Yip

Peaston

Woolford

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…CPV is transmitted through the oronasal route with the virus in faeces. Three to seven days following infection, the virus is shed in the faeces and clinical symptoms occur, as mentioned, in young dogs; adult dogs can stay asymptomatic with the help of immunity gained through vaccination or previous transmissions (1,5,8).…”

Section: Praca Oryginalnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of canine parvoviruses from Turkey

Akkutay-Yoldar¹,

Koç²

2020

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2 is the causative agent of acute hemorrhagic enteritis and high mortality in the affected dogs. Numerous studies have been done to understand the origin of the virus and to exhibit new variants and circulating strains. This report describes the detection and genomic characterization of CPV strains from indoor and outdoor dogs in Ankara, Turkey. Samples were sent to our laboratory due to clinical symptoms in puppies. We tested blood and swab samples to determine the presence of canine parvovirus (CPV) in three puppies and two adult dogs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using VP2 (capsid protein) region primers of canine parvoviruses. Following that, to provide molecular characterization data Maximum Likelihood (ML) method was used for phylogenetic analyses. Constructed phylogenetic trees from the aligned nucleotide sequences revealed that our CPV strains demonstrated high genetic similarities, with 100% identity match on nucleotide alignments with each other and classified in CPV-2b genotypes.They have placed on a monophyletic clade as a sister branch with CPV VAC S quantum with 98.9% nucleotide homology. Our findings suggest that CPV-2b is actual and frequently seen variant in Turkey and shows high similarities with other CPV variants and a bit less with FPVs in Turkey and around the world. CPV causes high mortality and morbidity in dogs and to develop effective vaccines for protection of dogs in Turkey where there are few numbers of studies that have been done, field strains should be isolated and characterised.

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“…Although infections can be subclinical, CPV can cause gastroenteritis, dehydration, immune suppression and death, and disease typically occurs in dogs under 6 months of age. Adults can also be affected (Allison et al, 2014;Altman et al, 2017;Ling et al, 2012;Mylonakis et al, 2016). Euthanasia is the leading cause of death from CPV in Australia (Ling et al, 2012) with 20,000 CPV cases estimated annually and higher reporting in rural and remote areas and lower socioeconomic regions (Kelman et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

Kelman

Barrs

Norris

et al. 2020

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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A B S T R A C TInfection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (> 40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50-110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) -the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (r SP = -0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (r SP = -0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (r SP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.

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Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure?

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

Diagnostic Challenges in Canine Parvovirus 2c in Vaccine Failure Cases

Diagnostic Challenges in Canine Parvovirus 2c in Vaccine Failure Cases

Phylogenetic analysis of canine parvoviruses from Turkey

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

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