Are Metabolites From the Gut Microbiota Capable of Regulating Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Human Parasite Entamoeba histolytica?

Sarid, Lotem; Ankri, Serge

doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.841586

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…A remarkable difference compared with E. invadens is that encystation commitment of E. histolytica was enhanced by SCFAs in this model, with acetate having the strongest effect [ 59 ]. Moreover, treatment with SCFAs induced minimal transcriptional changes in E. histolytica [ 72 ], all data support the recently proposed working hypothesis that epigenetic regulations leading to encystation of E. histolytica could occur under the influence of microbiota metabolites, such as SCFAs [ 73 ] and reinforce the idea that the encystation signals of E. histolytica only partially overlap those of E. invadens .…”

Section: Encystation Of Trophozoites In the Presence Of The Microbiotasupporting

confidence: 82%

Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis

Guillén

2023

Virulence

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The amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amebiasis, an enteropathic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. This ancient protozoan is an elementary example of how parasites evolve with humans, e.g. taking advantage of multiple mechanisms to evade immune responses, interacting with microbiota for nutritional and protective needs, utilizing host resources for growth, division, and encystation. These skills of E. histolytica perpetuate the species and incidence of infection. However, in 10% of infected cases, the parasite turns into a pathogen; the host-parasite equilibrium is then disorganized, and the simple lifecycle based on two cell forms, trophozoites and cysts, becomes unbalanced. Trophozoites acquire a virulent phenotype which, when non-controlled, leads to intestinal invasion with the onset of amoebiasis symptoms. Virulent E. histolytica must cross mucus, epithelium, connective tissue and possibly blood. This highly mobile parasite faces various stresses and a powerful host immune response, with oxidative stress being a challenge for its survival. New emerging research avenues and omics technologies target gene regulation to determine human or parasitic factors activated upon infection, their role in virulence activation, and in pathogenesis; this research bears in mind that E. histolytica is a resident of the complex intestinal ecosystem. The goal is to eradicate amoebiasis from the planet, but the parasitic life of E. histolytica is ancient and complex and will likely continue to evolve with humans. Advances in these topics are summarized here.

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Section: Encystation Of Trophozoites In the Presence Of The Microbiotasupporting

confidence: 82%

Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis

Guillén

2023

Virulence

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“…Furthermore, some bacteria, such as E.coli EPEC O55, regulate the virulence of E. histolytica trophozoites and affect their transcriptome 5 . Many chemical molecules originating from gut microbiota have also an influence on the epigenetic regulation occurring in the parasite and on its resistance to OS and nitrosative stress (for recent reviews on this subject see 3 and 46 ). These many studies on the role of the gut microbiota on the biology of E. histolytica have focused on the planktonic form of bacteria but none has investigated the biofilm form.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive exophagy of Bacterial Biofilms by an Amoeba Predator is Mediated by Specific Biofilm Recognition

Zanditenas

Trebicz-Geffen

Domínguez-García

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for amebiasis, a disease endemic to developing countries. E. histolytica trophozoites are released from the cysts to colonize the large intestine, where they primarily feed on bacterial cells. In these scenarios, bacterial cells form aggregates or structured communities too large for phagocytosis. Our results show that E. histolytica can degrade pre-established biofilms of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Surprisingly, trophozoites incubated with B. subtilis biofilm exhibit a unique transcriptome signature compared to those incubated with planktonic cells or without bacteria. Biofilm-induced genes include cysteine proteases (CPs), and the general inhibition of CPs by E64D or by the use of specific small-RNA (sRNA)-based RNA interference impairs the degradation of biofilms by E. histolytica. The degradation of B. subtilis extracellular matrix (ECM) protein TasA by CPs is associated with partial biofilm digestion and activation of the stress response in the interacting B. subtilis cells. The interaction with B. subtilis biofilms was also associated with lower levels of oxidoreductases. Oxidoreductase downregulation can be a readout of the embedding of E. histolytica trophozoites within the biofilm-produced extracellular matrix, reducing their exposure to oxidative stress (OS). Our results indicate that parasites may digest biofilms by a controlled mechanism of digestive exophagy as secretion of digestive enzymes as a conserved mechanism for biofilm degradation allows phagocytic digestion of biofilm cells. Furthermore, the partially digested biofilms can serve as an unexpected shield protecting parasites from oxidative environments and thereby may regulate the persistence and virulence of the parasite.

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“…135 More to explore is the structures of microbial lipids that are studied to alter agonist/antagonist activity and receptor selectivity 136 and polyphenolic biochemical actions. 137 Studying the bacterial metabolites that could regulate epigenetic processes in other GM viruses and unicellular parasites is promising. For instance, in the development of new anti-amebic strategies.…”

Section: Systematic Review O Scfas Concentrations In Crc Patients And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The connection between epigenetics and gut microbiota‐current perspective

Yuan,

Tan,

Bajinka

et al. 2024

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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Both the epigenetic changes and gut microbiota (GM) have attracted a growing interest in establishing effective diagnostics and potential therapeutic strategies for a number of diseases. These disorders include metabolic, central nervous system‐related diseases, autoimmune, and gastrointestinal infections (GI). Despite the number of studies, there is no extensive review that connects the epigenetics modifications and GM as biomarkers that could confer effective diagnostics and confer treatment options. To this end, this review hopes to give detailed information on connecting the modifications in epigenetic and GM. An updated and detailed information on the connection between the epigenetics factors and GM that influence diseases are given. In addition, the review showed some associations between the epigenetics to the maternal GM and offspring health. Finally, the limitations of the concept and prospects into this new emerging discipline were also looked into. Although this review elucidated on the maternal diet and response to offspring health with respect to GM and epigenetic modifications, there still exist various limitations to this newly emerging discipline. In addition to integrating complementary multi‐omics data, longitudinal sampling will aid with the identification of functional mechanisms that may serve as therapeutic targets. To this end, this review gave a detailed perspective into harnessing disease diagnostics, prevention and treatment options through epigenetics and GM.

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Are Metabolites From the Gut Microbiota Capable of Regulating Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Human Parasite Entamoeba histolytica?

Cited by 3 publications

References 156 publications

Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis

Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis

Digestive exophagy of Bacterial Biofilms by an Amoeba Predator is Mediated by Specific Biofilm Recognition

The connection between epigenetics and gut microbiota‐current perspective

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