Are cars the new tobacco?

Douglas, Margaret; Watkins, Stephen; Gorman, Dermot; Higgins, Martin

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdr032

Cited by 131 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Total SES score was used as a continuous variable in multivariable linear regression models for subtotal fat and lean mass. In addition, TVs and motor vehicles were seen as household assets which encourage sedentary behaviour [31,32], and were analysed as separate constructs in further analyses [10]. Level of education was stratified as ‘no education’, ‘completed primary school but did not attend high school’, ‘attended high school but did not graduate’, and ‘completed high school’, and collected at both time-points [11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in ageing black South African women

Gradidge

2017

Global Health Action

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Background: The incidence of obesity and related metabolic diseases is high and increasing in sub-Saharan African women. Evidence on the determinants of these diseases is limited, particularly in black South African women. Objective: This PhD review attempts to understand the determinants of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a population of ageing urban-dwelling black South African women. Methods: Drawing on the longitudinal Birth-to-Twenty-Plus cohort, data were collected in 2002/03 and 2012/13, including information on behavioural factors (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol consumption), body-size perception, body composition (measures of adiposity and lean mass), blood pressure, and cardiometabolic biomarkers (lipid profile, fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, leptin, and adiponectin). Results: The prevalence of obesity and related cardiovascular disease risk was high and increased significantly over the 10 year period. Despite most of the study population being physically active, sitting time was high and associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertriglyceridaemia. Two groups of people were observed, those who were happy and those who were unhappy with their body size. In logistic regression analysis, the risk of MetS was lowered by abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and adiponectin, and increased by age, smoking, truncal lean mass, and insulin resistance. Conclusions: Obesity was confirmed to be increasing in black South African women, despite most women being sufficiently active according to guidelines of ≥150 min activity/week. Nevertheless, the contribution of sitting time to poor health outcomes is evident in this study population and must be addressed, particularly in women who are content with being obese. The novel finding of the effects of abdominal subcutaneous tissue and truncal lean mass with MetS requires further investigation. The protective effect of adiponectin against MetS is an important finding which highlights the novel interaction between adiposity and cardiometabolic diseases in black South African women.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in ageing black South African women

Gradidge

2017

Global Health Action

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“…A notable aspect of German transport politics is that these are interwoven with economic interests, and have significant bearing on EU transport politics. As highlighted by Douglas et al [20], car manufacturers spend 2.5-3.5% of their revenue on marketing and the funding of professional lobbyists and organizations who oppose fuel duty raises, emissions targets, or speed cameras. Douglas et al [20] also note that German Chancellor Angela Merkel opposed EU-wide emission standards, watering down EU legislation.…”

Section: Transport Politics and Road Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As highlighted by Douglas et al [20], car manufacturers spend 2.5-3.5% of their revenue on marketing and the funding of professional lobbyists and organizations who oppose fuel duty raises, emissions targets, or speed cameras. Douglas et al [20] also note that German Chancellor Angela Merkel opposed EU-wide emission standards, watering down EU legislation. There is also evidence of (former) German politicians serving on the boards of car manufacturers or car lobby organisations [15].…”

Section: Transport Politics and Road Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Perspectives on Road Safety and Transport Politics in Germany

Gößling

2017

Sustainability

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Road safety is a key concern of transport governance. In the European Union, a Road Safety Programme was adopted in 2011, with the objective to reduce road deaths in Europe by 50% in the period from 2011 to 2020. Evidence suggests, however, that this goal will not be met. Against this background, this paper investigates police perspectives on traffic laws, traffic behaviour, and transport policy. Police officers working with road safety are in a unique position to evaluate and judge the efficiency of road safety policies, as they record traffic offences, fine, investigate, and witness in court. Geographically, focus is on transport policy in Germany, a country with a dense road network, high levels of car ownership, and a large number of car manufacturers. A total of 14 semi-structured interviews were carried out with police officers in a wide variety of positions within the traffic police in Freiburg. Thematic analysis is used to analyse content and to identify aspects that represent major areas of concern. Officers affirm that traffic laws question traffic safety, for instance with regard to speed and speed limits, or elderly drivers. Specific recommendations for changes in transport policies are made, and results are discussed in the context of their implications for road safety and the European Union's Road Safety Programme.

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“…Time spent traveling in motor vehicles including not only private cars and motorcycles, but also public transportation, may be of relevance to public health due to the influence of urban environmental attributes on behavior 7 . This may be especially relevant in Colombia since approximately 30% of its population spends 150 minutes or more per week traveling in motor vehicles 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity in Colombian adults from urban areas

Páez¹,

Gómez

Mallarino

et al. 2014

Cad. Saúde Pública

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Are cars the new tobacco?

Abstract: Car dependence is a potent example of an issue that ecological public health should address. The public health community should advocate strongly for effective policies that reduce car use and increase active travel.

Cited by 131 publications

References 38 publications

Factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in ageing black South African women

Factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in ageing black South African women

Police Perspectives on Road Safety and Transport Politics in Germany

Associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity in Colombian adults from urban areas

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