Architectural Threats to Security and Privacy: A Challenge for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications

Abstract

The internet of things (IoT) is one of the growing platforms of the current era that has encircled a large population into its domain, and life appears to be useless without adopting this technology. A significant amount of data is generated from an immense number of smart devices and their allied applications that are constructively utilized to automate our daily life activities. This big data requires fast processing, storage, and safe passage through secure channels to safeguard it from any malicious attacks. In such a situation, security is considered crucial to protect the technological resources from unauthorized access or any interruption to disrupt the seamless and ubiquitous connectivity of the IoT from the perception layer to cloud computers. Motivated by this, this article demonstrates a general overview about the technology and layered architecture of the IoT followed by critical applications with a particular focus on key features of smart homes, smart agriculture, smart transportation, and smart healthcare. Next, security threats and vulnerabilities included with attacks on each layer of the IoT are explicitly elaborated. The classification of security challenges such as confidentiality, integrity, privacy, availability, authentication, non-repudiation, and key management is thoroughly reviewed. Finally, future research directions for security concerns are identified and presented.

A Systematic Review on Privacy-Aware IoT Personal Data Stores

“…IoT and Blockchain Security and privacy challenges arising from the integration of federated learning and blockchain within IoT Kamalov et al [22] ✓ IoMT Security concerns in the Internet of Medical Things Rodriguez et al [31] x IoT Solutions for IoT privacy based on machine learning and deep learning Khan et al [19] x IoT Privacy and security issues in IoT This study ✓ IoT and PDS Privacy issues in IoT and solutions through personal data stores…”

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Applications of Machine Learning (ML) and Mathematical Modeling (MM) in Healthcare with Special Focus on Cancer Prognosis and Anticancer Therapy: Current Status and Challenges

“…Wearable technology and at-home smart electronics offer a new way to control health outside hospital settings [ 362 , 363 , 364 ]. These gadgets have the capacity to gather substantial volumes of meticulous data on patient health conditions, which are utilized by ML algorithms to recommend one-time actions, adjustments to daily routines, or referrals to a doctor for evaluation and testing.…”

An empirical evaluation of technology acceptance model for Artificial Intelligence in E-commerce

“…For example, adding AI to the e-commerce business website will boost sales and purchases, attract customers from anywhere, and improve efficiency and productivity. Voice assistants, intelligent search, automation, personalisation, and remarketing of potential prospects are some examples of AI in e-commerce [ 64 , 65 ].…”