“…The maximum decline (48%) in proline concentration was recorded when dual cultures were applied to chickpea plants grown in soil treated with 25 µg Cd kg −1 soil. A comparable decrease in proline content in the plant organs of Cd-treated Hordeum vulgare (L.) inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi 73 and cultivated in stressful settings was observed, correlating with our findings. Figure 5 Proline content estimation in Cd treated chickpeas and inoculated with Trichoderma sp.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…The maximum decline (48%) in proline concentration was recorded when dual cultures were applied to chickpea plants grown in soil treated with 25 µg Cd kg −1 soil. A comparable decrease in proline content in the plant organs of Cd-treated Hordeum vulgare (L.) inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi 73 and cultivated in stressful settings was observed, correlating with our findings. Since, single/combined inoculation of metal tolerant microbial bacterial strain lessened the effects of Cd stress and shielded the plants from oxidative damage, the metal tolerant PGPR utilised in this study allowed chickpea plants to survive and flourish even under metal stress.…”
Section: Growth Regulators Of Pgpr-7 and T-4 Strains Under CD Stresssupporting
Industrialization and human urbanization have led to an increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution which often cause negative/toxic effect on agricultural crops. The soil-HMs cannot be degraded biologically however, microbe-mediated detoxification of toxic HMs into lesser toxic forms are reported. Considering the potentiality of HMs-tolerant soil microbes in metal detoxification, Pseudomonas fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4 were recovered from HM-affected areas. Under both normal and cadmium stress, the ability of both microorganisms to produce different plant hormones and biologically active enzymes was examined. Strains PGPR-7 and T-4 tolerated cadmium (Cd) an up-to 1800 and 2000 µg mL−1, respectively, and produced various plant growth regulating substances (IAA, siderophore, ACC deaminase ammonia and HCN) in Cd-stressed condition. The growth promoting and metal detoxifying ability of both strains were evaluated (either singly/combined) by applying them in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants endogenously contaminated with different Cd levels (0–400 µg kg−1 soils). The higher Cd concentration (400 µg kg−1 soils) negatively influenced the plant parameters which, however, improved following single/combined inoculation of P. fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4. Both microbial strains increased the growth of Cd-treated chickpeas however, their combined inoculation (PGPR-7 + T-4) caused the most positive effect. For instance, 25 µg Cd Kg−1 + PGPR-7 + T4 treatment caused maximum increase in germination percentage (10%), root dry biomass (71.4%) and vigour index (33%), chl-a (38%), chl-b (41%) and carotenoid content (52%). Furthermore, combined inoculation of P. fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4 maximally decreased the proline, MDA content, POD and CAT activities by 50%, 43% and 62%, respectively following their application in 25 µg Cd kg−1 soils-treated chickpea. Additionally, microbial strains lowered the plant uptake of Cd. For example, Cd-uptake in root tissues was decreased by 42 and 34% when 25 µg Cd Kg−1- treated chickpea plants were inoculated with P. fluorescence PGPR-7, Trichoderma sp. T-4 and co-inoculation (PGPR-7 + T4) of both strains, respectively. Therefore, from the current observation, it is suggested that dual inoculation of metal tolerant P. fluorescence and Trichoderma sp. may potentially be used in detoxification and reclamation of metal-contaminated soils.
“…The maximum decline (48%) in proline concentration was recorded when dual cultures were applied to chickpea plants grown in soil treated with 25 µg Cd kg −1 soil. A comparable decrease in proline content in the plant organs of Cd-treated Hordeum vulgare (L.) inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi 73 and cultivated in stressful settings was observed, correlating with our findings. Figure 5 Proline content estimation in Cd treated chickpeas and inoculated with Trichoderma sp.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…The maximum decline (48%) in proline concentration was recorded when dual cultures were applied to chickpea plants grown in soil treated with 25 µg Cd kg −1 soil. A comparable decrease in proline content in the plant organs of Cd-treated Hordeum vulgare (L.) inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi 73 and cultivated in stressful settings was observed, correlating with our findings. Since, single/combined inoculation of metal tolerant microbial bacterial strain lessened the effects of Cd stress and shielded the plants from oxidative damage, the metal tolerant PGPR utilised in this study allowed chickpea plants to survive and flourish even under metal stress.…”
Section: Growth Regulators Of Pgpr-7 and T-4 Strains Under CD Stresssupporting
Industrialization and human urbanization have led to an increase in heavy metal (HM) pollution which often cause negative/toxic effect on agricultural crops. The soil-HMs cannot be degraded biologically however, microbe-mediated detoxification of toxic HMs into lesser toxic forms are reported. Considering the potentiality of HMs-tolerant soil microbes in metal detoxification, Pseudomonas fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4 were recovered from HM-affected areas. Under both normal and cadmium stress, the ability of both microorganisms to produce different plant hormones and biologically active enzymes was examined. Strains PGPR-7 and T-4 tolerated cadmium (Cd) an up-to 1800 and 2000 µg mL−1, respectively, and produced various plant growth regulating substances (IAA, siderophore, ACC deaminase ammonia and HCN) in Cd-stressed condition. The growth promoting and metal detoxifying ability of both strains were evaluated (either singly/combined) by applying them in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants endogenously contaminated with different Cd levels (0–400 µg kg−1 soils). The higher Cd concentration (400 µg kg−1 soils) negatively influenced the plant parameters which, however, improved following single/combined inoculation of P. fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4. Both microbial strains increased the growth of Cd-treated chickpeas however, their combined inoculation (PGPR-7 + T-4) caused the most positive effect. For instance, 25 µg Cd Kg−1 + PGPR-7 + T4 treatment caused maximum increase in germination percentage (10%), root dry biomass (71.4%) and vigour index (33%), chl-a (38%), chl-b (41%) and carotenoid content (52%). Furthermore, combined inoculation of P. fluorescence PGPR-7 and Trichoderma sp. T-4 maximally decreased the proline, MDA content, POD and CAT activities by 50%, 43% and 62%, respectively following their application in 25 µg Cd kg−1 soils-treated chickpea. Additionally, microbial strains lowered the plant uptake of Cd. For example, Cd-uptake in root tissues was decreased by 42 and 34% when 25 µg Cd Kg−1- treated chickpea plants were inoculated with P. fluorescence PGPR-7, Trichoderma sp. T-4 and co-inoculation (PGPR-7 + T4) of both strains, respectively. Therefore, from the current observation, it is suggested that dual inoculation of metal tolerant P. fluorescence and Trichoderma sp. may potentially be used in detoxification and reclamation of metal-contaminated soils.
“…Chlorophyll content serves as a primary indicator of plant photosynthetic capacity, and the lack of influence by AMF on chlorophyll suggests that these fungi may not directly affect the photosynthesis process [40]. The findings of this study differ from those of the previous studies [41][42] which demonstrated that AMF can enhance plant chlorophyll content. Furthermore, in contrast to those findings, plants growing in heavy metal-contaminated soil often experience the accumulation of heavy metals such as Zn, but AMF do not have a significant impact on zinc accumulation in plants.…”
This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and heavy metal accumulation on polluted land using a meta-analysis approach. Data from 33 relevant studies were selected based on inclusion criteria, specifically articles in English, observational research, and investigating the role of AMF in plant growth and productivity on polluted land. The results showed that plants inoculated with AMF experienced significant accumulation of heavy metals in roots, such as Pb (p<0.01), Ni (p<0.01), Cr (p<0.01), Mn (p<0.05), Fe (p<0.05), and As (p<0.05). The AMF significantly reduced the accumulation of heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, Fe, and Cu on the upper part of fodder forage (p<0.01). Forage growth was also enhanced due to AMF. The AMF greatly increased the fresh weight, length, and phosphorus (P) content of fodder forage roots (p<0.01). It also increased the plant's biomass, fresh weight, dry weight, height, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents (p<0.01). In conclusion, AMF is important in increasing plant growth, nutrient uptake and reducing heavy metal accumulation in forage on polluted land.
“…The change in ABTS and DPPH content and the increase in these compounds in drought conditions might have resulted from oxidative stress in cowpea plants. Moreover, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity was higher in immature pods than immature seeds or dry seeds because most antioxidant content are found in fresh tissues (Keshavarz et al 2021 ; Klunklin and Savage 2017 ). Also, the results showed that the correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolics compounds was high (data not shown) and ILC482 genotype had the highest ABTS and DPPH value as well as phenolic compounds which could be explained that these variation in plant responses is dependent on genetic factors.…”
Background
Water scarcity is responsible for losses in the yield of many plants and this is expected to continue due to climate change. However, cowpea which is known for its drought tolerance, is considered as a plant without limitations to climate change. A two-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of water restriction on phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and leaf nutrients concentration of four cultivars of cowpea at different growth stages. At second leaf stage, two irrigation regimes were initiated (Water irrigation was applied after 75% and 55% of field capacity, as well watered and drought stress treatment, respectively).Plants samples were collectedat three stages(immature pod, immature seed and dry seed stage) for total phenol and flavonoids content, ortho-diphenols andantioxidant capacity measurement and leaves sampling for nutrients concentration.
Results
The results indicated that polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity increased under drought conditions. However, in both irrigation regimes, immature pods had the higher polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and leaf nutrients concentration rather than immature seeds and dry seeds. Among the genotypes, ILC482 revealed the highest content of total phenolics and ortho-diphenols (6.9 and 3.57 mg GA g−1dry weight, respectively). In addition, nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium concentration of leaves were higher in ILC482 genotype. Under drought stress, ILC482 maintained higher ABTS radical scavenging capacity (0.0083 mmol Trolox g−1dry weight) compared to other genotypes.
Conclusions
It is suggested that drought stress affect the quality of cowpea productions through polyphenolic compounds, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity which can be used as a helpful strategy to save water in the regions where water is scare.
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