Aqueous leaching of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and “green” plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride)

Kastner, Joshua; Cooper, David G.; Marić, Milan; Dodd, Patrick; Yargeau, Viviane

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.014

Cited by 103 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This may explain why DINCH showed the lowest potential to migrate into the aqueous simulant in the work by Kastner et al (2012). Moreover, higher molecular weights, less branching, and greater steric hindrance contribute to chemical stability in the polymer matrix (Wilkes et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migrability of PVC plasticizers from medical devices into a simulant of infused solutions

Bernard

Cueff

Breysse³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migrability of PVC plasticizers from medical devices into a simulant of infused solutions

Bernard

Cueff

Breysse³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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“…For instance, plasticized PVC can contain up to 40 % of plasticizer by weight (ATSDR 2002). It is important to recognize that the plasticizer is not chemically bound to the PVC, resulting in the possibility of DEHP migrating within the material and reaching the surface of the blend, where it can ultimately leach out of the material (Kastner et al 2012). Ultimately, due to this behavior, DEHP has been labeled a ubiquitous environmental contaminant for several decades (Wams 1987).…”

Section: Varieties Of Phthalates: Phthalates and Terephthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Erythropel

Marić

Nicell

et al. 2014

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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350

196

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Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer to render poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) soft and malleable. Plasticized PVC is used in hospital equipment, food wrapping, and numerous other commercial and industrial products. Unfortunately, plasticizers can migrate within the material and leach out of it over time, ending up in the environment and, frequently, the human body. DEHP has come under increased scrutiny as its breakdown products are believed to be endocrine disruptors and more toxic than DEHP itself. DEHP and its breakdown products have been identified as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and daily human exposure is estimated to be in the microgram per kilogram level. The objective of this review is to summarize and comment on published sources of DEHP exposure and to give an overview of its environmental fate. Exposure through bottled water was examined specifically, as this concern is raised frequently, yet only little exposure to DEHP occurs through bottled water, and DEHP exposure is unlikely to stem from the packaging material itself. Packaged food was also examined and showed higher levels of DEHP contamination compared to bottled water. Exposure to DEHP also occurs in hospital environments, where DEHP leaches directly into liquids that passed through PVC/DEHP tubing and equipment. The latter exposure is at considerably higher levels compared to food and bottled water, specifically putting patients with chronic illnesses at risk. Overall, levels of DEHP in food and bottled water were below current tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. However, our understanding of the risks of DEHP exposure is still evolving. Given the prevalence of DEHP in our atmosphere and environment, and the uncertainty revolving around it, the precautionary principle would suggest its phaseout and replacement. Increased efforts to develop viable replacement compounds, which necessarily includes rigorous leaching, toxicity, and impact assessment studies, are needed before alternative plasticizers can be adopted as viable replacements.

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“…Loss of plasticizer from p-PVC does not only cause deterioration of p-PVC compounds, but is also associated with an even more serious contamination problem (Agarwal et al, 1989;Treinen and Heindel, 1992;Shea, 2003;Warren et al, 1982;Tickner et al, 2001;Kastner et al, 2012;Campbell and McConnell, 1980;Lau and Wong, 2000;Tsumura et al, 2001;Hammarling et al, 1998;Tsumura et al, 2002;Horn et al, 2004). Therefore, analysis of plasticizer loss is very critical before claiming the application potential of any plasticizer.…”

Section: Influence Of Processing Temperature and Analysis Of Plasticimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mostly include epoxidized soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil and others (Bouchareb and Benaniba, 2008;Karmalm et al, 2009aKarmalm et al, , 2009bGall and Greenspan, 1955;Bueno-Ferrer et al, 2010;Demertzis et al, 1991;Gibbons and Kusy, 1996;Gil et al, 2006;Baltacioglu and Balköse, 1999;Benaniba et al, 2001;Benecke et al, 2004). However, the most disturbing problem associated with the use of external plasticizers has been their evaporation, leaching and migration into their immediate surroundings and has remained largely unsolved until date (Kastner et al, 2012;Campbell and McConnell, 1980;Lau and Wong, 2000;Tsumura et al, 2001;Hammarling et al, 1998;Tsumura et al, 2002;Horn et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions

Dutta

Das

Kundu

2014

International Polymer Processing

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One of the most commonly used vegetable oil plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). On the contrary, epoxidized palm oil is among the least used, because of its low compatibility with PVC. This work reports that epoxidized and esterified palm kernel oil (EEPKO) has the potential to be used as a plasticizer for PVC. In this study, it was found that a maximum of 65 phr of EEPKO could be incorporated within the PVC resin. In addition, subjecting this EEPKO plasticized PVC (p-PVC) at a processing temperature of 200 8C resulted in much reduced plasticizer loss. EEPKO lowers the glass transition temperature of PVC from 79 8Ct o -23 8C. The optimum mechanical properties, namely tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness, were obtained for p-PVC processed at 200 8C. REGULAR CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES Intern. Polymer Processing XXIX (2014) 4 Ó Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 495

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Aqueous leaching of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and “green” plasticizers from poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 103 publications

References 27 publications

Migrability of PVC plasticizers from medical devices into a simulant of infused solutions

Migrability of PVC plasticizers from medical devices into a simulant of infused solutions

Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure

Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions

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