APTES-Modified Remote Self-Assembled DNA-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Human Papillomavirus DNA Detection

Abstract

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an important cause of cervical cancer formation; therefore, being able to detect high-risk HPV (e.g., HPV-16) is important for the early treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. In this study, a combination of a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified gold electrode and a super sandwich structure was creatively developed, resulting in the development of a biosensor that is both sensitive and stable for the detection of HPV-16. The electrochemical biosensor possesses a lower detection limit compared with previous studies with an LOD of 5.475 × 10−16 mol/L and it possesses a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10−13 mol/L to 1.0 × 10−6 mol/L (R2 = 0.9923) for the target DNA. The experimental data show that the sensor has good stability, and there is no significant decrease in the current response value after 7 days in the low-temperature environment. In addition, the sensor proved to be a powerful clinical tool for disease diagnosis because it showed good interference resistance in complex human serum samples.

Electrochemical DNA Biosensors with Dual-Signal Amplification Strategy for Highly Sensitive HPV 16 Detection

“…The surface layer of the APTES-modified glassy carbon electrode displayed a different villi island shape (Figure 4B) when compared to the naked glassy carbon electrode (Figure 4A). The system is based on the team's previous scheme [25], which uses a glassy carbon electrode instead of a gold electrode, which has a relatively flat surface with…”

“…The surface layer of the APTES-modified glassy carbon electrode displayed a different villi island shape (Figure 4B) when compared to the naked glassy carbon electrode (Figure 4A). The system is based on the team's previous scheme [25], which uses a glassy carbon electrode instead of a gold electrode, which has a relatively flat surface with low porosity, limiting the adsorption and coverage of APTES molecules to some extent. The porous structure of the surface of the glassy carbon electrode provides a larger surface area and more adsorption sites for APTES modification.…”

“…From Figure 12, the current response value decreased by only 1.008% after 7 days and by only 2.420% after 14 days, indicating the good stability of the electrochemical biosensor. The choice of material for the sensor substrate, as well as a more optimal modification process of the electrode surface, led to a further improvement in stability compared to the team's previous scheme [25]. The stability of the electrochemical DNA biosensor was also examined under ideal circumstances.…”

“…The electrochemical tests were conducted on day 1 when the sensor preparation was completed and on days 7 and 14 when it was left at 4 • C. From Figure 12, the current response value decreased by only 1.008% after 7 days and by only 2.420% after 14 days, indicating the good stability of the electrochemical biosensor. The choice of material for the sensor substrate, as well as a more optimal modification process of the electrode surface, led to a further improvement in stability compared to the team's previous scheme [25].…”

“…Here, we made further optimizations based on previous studies [25]. A dual-signal amplified DNA electrochemical biosensor for the detection of HPV 16 was created using APTES modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode.…”