Applying Participatory Action Research Methods in Community-Based Adaptation With Smallholders in Myanmar

Abstract

The effects of climate change to agriculture being largely location specific, it is crucial that adaptation measures recognize the value of targeted, context-specific, community-based strategies and processes. This research deployed participatory action research relying on a diverse range of socio-technical methods for facilitating community-level adaptation in climate-smart villages. Smallholder farms in four unique agro-ecologies in Myanmar were targeted. Results and insights from the 3-year, participatory action research effort chronicle how the climate-smart village approach was implemented in the four targeted climate-smart villages (CSVs). The key support systems needed for effective community engagement in implementing the CSVs are discussed. Social learning helped nurture capacities of farmers to find solutions and test and improve adaptation options. Using a combination of socio-technical processes, smallholder farmers, researchers, and facilitators improved their understanding of climate change, drivers of vulnerability, and coping activities. With this knowledge and understanding, the farmers in the CSVs identified a menu of adaptation options that they would test and adopt (and scale). This “portfolio approach” to deriving adaptation options ensured that there were opportunities for men, women, and landless households to participate in the community adaptation process. This approach allowed farmers to determine what was their preferred entry point. Invariably, such approaches nurture incremental adaptation with associated incremental learning. The research suggests that land tenure regimes influence the nature of the adaptation options and their eventual uptake. In villages with high incidence of landlessness, the adaptation options were limited to homesteads, the small patch of land around the household dwelling. A more secure tenure status provided farmers with freedom to engage in diversified and long-term production systems. Poverty and wealth levels of households were other factors influencing the uptake of adaptation options, especially those aimed at diversifying production for reduced risks.

The dynamics of foster care in the Kingdom of Eswatini: Benefits, challenges, and strategies for effective foster parenting

“…PAR encourages the participation of the children in the process of knowledge creation while educating and conscientising them. Barbon et al (2021) defined PAR as a community-directed research process, meaning that community members work together with a researcher to empower themselves as they jointly investigate the community's issues and challenges. PAR acknowledges that children in foster are powerless and marginalised, with their marginalised position in society largely having been shaped by history.…”

Does the climate-smart village extension model enhance farmer empowerment?

“…One of the tenets of the CSV approach is inclusion which offers recognition of the differential effects of CC on women and men. This is envisaged to result into identification of more appropriate CSA responses and outcomes, based on the gendered differences of women and men, their knowledge, and beliefs of their environment, as well as their respective needs, and constraints in the access and control of productive resources (Barbon et al, 2021). CSA can be a supporting condition for empowerment (Farnsworth et al, 2017) especially if the farmers take advantage of the practices and technologies being promoted (Jost et al, 2016).…”