Application of Single‐use Electrode Based on Nano‐clay and MWCNT for Simultaneous Determination of Acetaminophen, Ascorbic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage

Abstract

In this study, a highly sensitive, selective and cost‐effective electrochemical nano‐sensor has been developed for the first time so as to facilitate the simultaneous and low‐level detection of acetaminophen (paracetamol, PAR), ascorbic acid (A) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) ternary mixture. The sensor is based on nano‐sepiolite clay (SEP) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto electrochemically pretreated pencil graphite electrode (pPGE). The surface properties of the sensor were examined by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The pH effect, composition of modifiers, immobilization time, deposition potential and deposition time values were optimized to reach the best response of PAR, A and ASA. Moreover, in optimum analytical conditions, adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammmetric (AdsDPV) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of the ternary mixtures concerned by using SEP/MWCNTs/pPGE sensor. This sensor exhibited the low detection limits of 0.018, 0.042 and 0.047 μM for PAR, A and ASA ternary mixture, respectively. The developed AdsDPV method was applied for quantitative determination of PAR, A and ASA in the pharmaceutical formulation. The recovery experiments were carried out to control the accuracy and precision of the method. The obtained voltammetric recoveries were comparable with the HPLC data given in the literature.

AgNP‐decorated SBA‐15 for MWCNT Paste Modified Electrode: A Sensor for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol and Sulfamethoxazole

“…These values are close to the Nernst equation value (0.059 V pH −1 ), indicating that the oxidation process of the species, on the electrode surface, presents an equal number of electrons and protons. Therefore, according to the literature, the oxidation process of PC and SMZ involves two electrons and two protons [37–39].…”

“…Structured forms of carbon have attracted increasing attention in electrochemical sensing devices due to their excellent conductivity, biocompatibility and mechanical resistance [7, 8] and they have been applied in the determination of PC or SMZ medicines in different systems. Carbon modified electrodes with ionic liquid [9], chitosan [10], clays [11], metal nanoparticles [12, 13], valine [14], and carboxyl group [15] were reported. Also screen‐printed carbon electrodes have been employed [16–18].…”

Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…The analytes' voltametric behavior depends on the PGE's electrochemical treatment (activation) method (at a constant current [62], performed by maintaining the working electrode for a given time at a certain potential [36,37,82,[84][85][86][87][88], or potentiodynamic, being carried out by CV [20,60,68,[89][90][91][92]) as well as on the instrumental parameters (pretreatment time and potential in the potentiostatic procedure and scan rate and potential range in the CV method) and on the nature, concentration, and pH of the supporting electrolyte [14,83]. For example, in the case of diclofenac sodium, the potentiostatic activation resulted in a more pronounced enhancement of the DPV anodic peak in comparison with electroactivation by CV [80].…”

“…In some research, the electroactivated PGE was applied as such in the pharmaceutical electrochemical analysis (Table 2), while in other research, its surface was further modified [36,37,68,85,86,91,92] (Table 3).…”

An adsorptive stripping voltammetric study based on disposable pencil graphite sensor for the determination of caffeine in local brand ice tea

“…Ag/AgCl (in 3.0 M NaCl, BAS MF-2052) as reference electrode and platinum wire (BASi MW-1032) as auxiliary electrode were used for electrochemical measurements. Faber Castel brand PG electrode of the dimensions 0.7 × 75 mm (diameter × length) and the active surface area 0.393 (±0.032) cm 2 [28] was used as a working electrode and supplied from local stationery in Ankara, Turkey, and used as such without any pretreatment procedure. Double distilled water was supplied from the mpMINIpure water distillation system (MES, Ankara, Turkey).…”