Application of 2D Non-Graphene Materials and 2D Oxide Nanostructures for Biosensing Technology

Abstract

The discovery of graphene and its unique properties has inspired researchers to try to invent other two-dimensional (2D) materials. After considerable research effort, a distinct “beyond graphene” domain has been established, comprising the library of non-graphene 2D materials. It is significant that some 2D non-graphene materials possess solid advantages over their predecessor, such as having a direct band gap, and therefore are highly promising for a number of applications. These applications are not limited to nano- and opto-electronics, but have a strong potential in biosensing technologies, as one example. However, since most of the 2D non-graphene materials have been newly discovered, most of the research efforts are concentrated on material synthesis and the investigation of the properties of the material. Applications of 2D non-graphene materials are still at the embryonic stage, and the integration of 2D non-graphene materials into devices is scarcely reported. However, in recent years, numerous reports have blossomed about 2D material-based biosensors, evidencing the growing potential of 2D non-graphene materials for biosensing applications. This review highlights the recent progress in research on the potential of using 2D non-graphene materials and similar oxide nanostructures for different types of biosensors (optical and electrochemical). A wide range of biological targets, such as glucose, dopamine, cortisol, DNA, IgG, bisphenol, ascorbic acid, cytochrome and estradiol, has been reported to be successfully detected by biosensors with transducers made of 2D non-graphene materials.

Thin 2D: The New Dimensionality in Gas Sensing

“…The sensing properties of thin 2D-sheets of inorganic materials derive also from their unique electronic structures [20]. It is expected that the electrical properties of these materials differ substantially from that of their bulk counterparts.…”

Supercritical Fluid‐Facilitated Exfoliation and Processing of 2D Materials

“…2D materials have been extensively developed as wet chemical and gas phase sensors, and reviews of their applications focusing on GO, [242,243] rGO, [243] and graphene, [243,245] chalcogenides, [244][245][246][247][248][249] oxides, [248] and layer-by-layer [242,250] assemblies are available. In all electrochemical-based sensing, it is important to maintain good electrical conductivity in a sensor-intended composite material, similarly to 2D materials used in electrocatalysis.…”

Recent advances in nanowires-based field-effect transistors for biological sensor applications

“…Wide range of nanomaterials has been used as channel materials to fabricate metal-oxide semiconductor FET, ion-selective FET, and NWsbased FET biosensors, where prepared channel remain in direct contact with the environment, and this gives better control over the surface charge (Shavanova et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2014;Jiang, 2011;Sarkar et al, 2014;Liu and Guo, 2012). Thus far, considerable efforts have been made to develop better FET architecture by incorporating different metals (Ag, Pt, Au, and Cu), semiconductor (ZnO, SnO 2 , Si, GaN, TiO 2 , In 2 O 3, InP, etc.…”