Apple Endophytic fungi and their antagonism against apple scab disease

Ebrahimi, Leila; Rad, Sepideh Hatami; Etebarian, H R

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024001

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Thus, we hypothesized that unlike endophytic fungi, endophytic bacteria are not actively involved in the resistance of sweetpotato to the scab pathogen. Ebrahimi et al [25] also reported similar results, whereby the endophytic fungi isolated from healthy apple fruits and apple tree leaves and branches had strong antifungal properties and could produce media-permeable metabolites, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chitinases, and cellulases and promote phosphate solubilization as growth-promoting effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Structure of Endophytes in the Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues of Sweetpotato and Their Response to Sweetpotato Scab Disease Caused by Elsinoë batatas

Wang,

Ma,

Yao

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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Endophytes are symbiotic microbes that are mutually beneficial to the plant host and whose number and diversity affect the strength of plant resistance to stresses. The infection of sweetpotato with the scab pathogen can lead to yield losses. However, little is known about how the endophytic flora in sweetpotato respond to scab pathogen infection. This study used high-throughput amplicon sequencing with Illumina’s MiSeq PE300 platform ITS and the 16SrRNA gene to analyze the composition and distribution of endophytic flora in the roots, stems, and leaves of sweetpotato plants infected with scab disease and those of healthy plants. The dominant endophytic fungi in sweetpotato were Ascomycota, while the dominant endophytic bacteria were Proteobacteria. The diversity of endophytic fungi in the healthy plants followed a root > stem > leaf trend, while an opposite trend was observed in the infected plants. The diversity pattern of endophytic bacterial flora showed a root > stem > leaf trend in both healthy and infected plants. The scab pathogen Elsinoë was classified under OTU87 and was enriched in the leaves and stems of the infected plants. OTU87 was negatively correlated with Acaulospora and positively correlated with eight other fungal taxa, including Cladosporium.Future research should focus on exploring potential biocontrol fungal resources for sweetpotato scab.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Structure of Endophytes in the Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues of Sweetpotato and Their Response to Sweetpotato Scab Disease Caused by Elsinoë batatas

Wang,

Ma,

Yao

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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“…Namely, the antifungal compound, berkedrimane B,(55) produced by T. minioluteus was found to be 28 times higher in black apples on average compared to on standard cultivation media. Pinselin and moniliphenone, biosynthetic precursors to the antifungal compound, chloromonilicin,(37) by M. fructigena were also [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] times more abundant in black apples. Whilst the Monilinia-derived chloromonilicin and chloromonilinic acid A were not detected in the OSMAC study as per the LCMS analysis conducted in the positive ionization mode, the compounds were identified in 9 and 20 of the black apple extracts, respectively.…”

Section: Relative Abundances Of Fungal Secondary Metabolites Indicate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(6) Some of these fungi can inhibit the apple scab disease fungus Venturia inequalis . (15) However, these endophytic fungi do not produce a soft apple rot. Other species associated to rot of pomaceous fruits have included Talaromyces minioluteus and T. rugulosus (16) in addition to Trichothecium roseum (pink rot of apples).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Microbial Diversity and Associated Secondary Metabolism on Black Apples

Cowled,

Phippen,

Kromphardt

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Black apples are the late-stage microbial decomposition of apples after having fallen to the ground. This phenomenon is highly comparable from year to year, with the filamentous fungusMonilinia fructigenamost commonly being the first invader, followed byPenicillium expansum. Motivated by the fact that only little chemistry has been reported from apple microbiomes, we set out to investigate the chemical diversity and potential ecological roles of secondary metabolites (SMs) in a total of 38 black apples. Metabolomics analyses were conducted on either whole apples or small excisions of fungal biomass derived from black apples. Annotation of fungal SMs in black apple extracts was aided by cultivation of 15 recently isolated fungal strains on 9 different substrates in an OSMAC approach, leading to identification of 3319 unique chemical features. Only 6.8% were attributable to known compounds based on analysis of HPLC-HRMS/MS data using spectral library matching tools. Of the 1606 features detected in the black apple extracts, 32% could be assigned as fungal-derived, due to their presence in the OSMAC-based training dataset. Notably, the detection of several antifungal compounds clearly indicates the importance of such compounds for invasion of and control of other microbial competitors on apples. In conclusion, the diversity and abundance of microbial SMs on black apples was found to be much higher than that typically observed for other environmental microbiomes. Detection of SMs known to be produced by the six fungal species tested also highlights a succession of fungal growth following the initial invaderM. fructigena.ImportanceMicrobial secondary metabolites constitute a significant reservoir of biologically potent and clinically valuable chemical scaffolds. However, their usefulness is hampered by rapidly developing resistance, resulting in reduced profitability of such research endeavours. Hence, it is vital that the ecological role of such microbial secondary metabolites be considered to understand how best to utilise such compounds as chemotherapeutics. Here, we explore an under-investigated environmental microbiome in the case of black apples; a veritable “low-hanging fruit”, with relatively high abundances and diversity of microbially produced secondary metabolites. Using both a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach, the interplay between metabolites, other microbes and the apple host itself was investigated. This study highlights the surprisingly low incidence of known secondary metabolites in such a system, highlighting the need to study the functionality of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and complex microbiomes.

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“…Apart from the rot on the surface of apples, other species of filamentous fungi can cause dry rot diseases in apples (at the core) including Fusarium, Alternaria, and Trichoderma species ( 6 ). Some of these fungi can inhibit the apple scab disease fungus Venturia inequalis ( 15 ). However, these endophytic fungi do not produce a soft apple rot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the fungal diversity and associated secondary metabolism on black apples

Cowled,

Phippen,

Kromphardt

et al. 2024

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Black apples are the result of late-stage microbial decomposition after falling to the ground. This phenomenon is highly comparable from year to year, with the filamentous fungus Monilinia fructigena most commonly being the first invader, followed by Penicillium expansum . Motivated by the fact that only little chemistry has been reported from apple microbiomes, we set out to investigate the chemical diversity and potential ecological roles of secondary metabolites (SMs) in a total of 38 black apples. Metabolomics analyses were conducted on either whole apples or small excisions of fungal biomass derived from black apples. Annotation of fungal SMs in black apple extracts was aided by the cultivation of 15 recently isolated fungal strains on 9 different substrates in a One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, leading to the identification of 3,319 unique chemical features. Only 6.4% were attributable to known compounds based on analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRMS/MS) data using spectral library matching tools. Of the 1,606 features detected in the black apple extracts, 32% could be assigned as fungal-derived, due to their presence in the OSMAC-based training data set. Notably, the detection of several antifungal compounds indicates the importance of such compounds for the invasion of and control of other microbial competitors on apples. In conclusion, the diversity and abundance of microbial SMs on black apples were found to be much higher than that typically observed for other environmental microbiomes. Detection of SMs known to be produced by the six fungal species tested also highlights a succession of fungal growth following the initial invader M. fructigena . IMPORTANCE Microbial secondary metabolites constitute a significant reservoir of biologically potent and clinically valuable chemical scaffolds. However, their usefulness is hampered by rapidly developing resistance, resulting in reduced profitability of such research endeavors. Hence, the ecological role of such microbial secondary metabolites must be considered to understand how best to utilize such compounds as chemotherapeutics. Here, we explore an under-investigated environmental microbiome in the case of black apples; a veritable “low-hanging fruit,” with relatively high abundances and diversity of microbially produced secondary metabolites. Using both a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach, the interplay between metabolites, other microbes, and the apple host itself was investigated. This study highlights the surprisingly low incidence of known secondary metabolites in such a system, highlighting the need to study the functionality of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and complex microbiomes.

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Apple Endophytic fungi and their antagonism against apple scab disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 63 publications

Structure of Endophytes in the Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues of Sweetpotato and Their Response to Sweetpotato Scab Disease Caused by Elsinoë batatas

Structure of Endophytes in the Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues of Sweetpotato and Their Response to Sweetpotato Scab Disease Caused by Elsinoë batatas

Unveiling the Microbial Diversity and Associated Secondary Metabolism on Black Apples

Unveiling the fungal diversity and associated secondary metabolism on black apples

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