Appetitive effects of drug cues modelled by pictures of the intake ritual: generality of cue-modulated startle examined with inpatient alcoholics

Mucha, Ronald F.; Geier, Antje; Stuhlinger, M.; Mundle, Götz

doi:10.1007/s002130000508

Cited by 73 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is in line with incentive theories of addiction proposing that drug associated cues are processed as appetitive or motivational incentives (Robinson and Berridge, 2000;Stewart, 1983;Wise, 1988). Incentive theories of drug addiction have been confirmed for other drugs, e.g., nicotine (Dempsey et al, 2007;Geier et al, 2000;Rehme et al, 2009) and alcohol (Grüsser et al, 2002;Heinz et al, 2003;Mucha et al, 2000), but results for heroin cues were undetermined so far. Walter et al (2011) did not find a difference in startle response between neutral and drug-related stimuli, but opposed to our study, they used less specific and standardized drug pictures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The affectmodulated startle methodology has been repeatedly used in drug research by including photographs of drug paraphernalia or drug intake rituals and measuring the suppression of the startle response by drug-related scenes relative to neutral scenes (referred to as cue-related startle suppression, CSS). In general, these studies confirmed incentive theories because they consistently reported CSS in addicted users of alcohol or nicotine while viewing drug-related cues (Cinciripini et al, 2006;Dempsey et al, 2007;Geier et al, 2000;Mucha et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Traditional theories of drug cues hold that drug-associated stimuli evoke conditioned reactions that trigger withdrawal-like and aversive responses (Koob et al, 1997;Wikler, 1973). More recently, there is evidence that drugassociated cues may rather be processed as appetitive leading to the same behavioral and neurobiological responses like the drug itself (Dempsey et al, 2007;Geier et al, 2000;Mucha et al, 2000). Moreover, the incentive-sensitization theory proposes that drug consumption produces incremental neuroadaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine pathways, rendering them hypersensitive to drugs and drug-associated stimuli (Robinson and Berridge, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users

Preller

Wagner

Sulzbach

et al. 2013

European Neuropsychopharmacology

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Models of addiction and addiction memory propose that drug-associated cues elicit incentive effects in drug users, which play an important role in maintenance of drug use and relapse. Incentive effects have been demonstrated for smoking and alcohol-related cues but evidence for heroin-related cues has been inconclusive. Furthermore, it is unknown whether appetitive effects of heroin-related cues persist after prolonged abstinence, although heroin addiction is known to have high relapse rates. Therefore, we investigated implicit and explicit valence of heroin-related cues in dependent users at different stages of abstinence using affective startle modulation. In Study I, 15 current heroin users were measured before and after detoxification. Correspondingly, 15 healthy control participants were tested twice at an interval of 14 days. In Study II, 14 long-term abstinent heroin users were additionally measured in a single session. Implicit processing of drug-related stimuli was assessed using affective startle modulation by pictures of heroin and smoking scenes. Explicit reactions were measured using ratings of valence and craving. In contrast to controls, heroin-dependent participants showed a clear reduction of startle response during heroin-related pictures (p<0.05). Detoxification did not significantly change their startle responses to heroin-cues. No difference between non-detoxified current and long-term abstinent heroin users was found in implicit reactions to heroin-cues, whereas explicit measures differed between both groups (all p<0.05). After detoxification and even after prolonged abstinence, heroin cues still exert implicit appetitive effects in heroin users. This implies that drug-induced adaptations of reward circuits are long-lasting, resulting in a highly stable addiction memory. AbstractModels of addiction and addiction memory propose that drug-associated cues elicit incentive effects in drug users, which play an important role in maintenance of drug use and relapse.Incentive effects have been demonstrated for smoking and alcohol-related cues but evidence for heroin-related cues has been inconclusive. Furthermore, it is unknown whether appetitive effects of heroin-related cues persist after prolonged abstinence, although heroin addiction is known to have high relapse rates. Therefore, we investigated implicit and explicit valence of heroin-related cues in dependent users at different stages of abstinence using affective startle modulation. In Study I, 15 current heroin users were measured before and after detoxification.Correspondingly, 15 healthy control participants were tested twice at an interval of 14 days.In Study II, 14 long-term abstinent heroin users were additionally measured in a single session. Implicit processing of drug-related stimuli was assessed using affective startle modulation by pictures of heroin and smoking scenes. Explicit reactions were measured using ratings of valence and craving. In contrast to controls, heroin-dependent participants showed a clear reduction o...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users

Preller

Wagner

Sulzbach

et al. 2013

European Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…Examples of responses that can occur before craving is reported include neurophysiological arousal to alcohol cue exposure. In a recent study abstinent alcoholics, who reported little subjective response to alcohol-related cues, had a strong inhibition of startle responses, which reflect relatively automatic rather than cognitive processes (Mucha et al, 2000). This type of automatic response below conscious awareness might reflect an important drive for using cocaine and be detected using functional brain imaging with BOLD-MRI during the initial 30 s of exposure to videotape cocaine cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cue-Induced Brain Activity Changes and Relapse in Cocaine-Dependent Patients

Kosten

Scanley

Tucker

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

284

231

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This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the association between brain activation during exposure to cocaine-related cues and relapse to drug use in cocaine-dependent (CD) patients. We imaged 17 CD subjects during a 2-week in-patient stay. The subjects then entered a 10-week outpatient placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial where urine toxicologies were assessed three times weekly to calculate the treatment effectiveness score (TES). Worse TES correlated with BOLD activation in the left precentral, superior temporal, and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC), and right middle temporal and lingual cortices (R40.65; Po0.005). The left PCC activation also distinguished eight nonrelapsers (TES above mean and completed treatment) from nine relapsers. Cocaine-free urines were significantly greater in the nonrelapsers (92%) than in the relapsers (66%), who also remained in treatment for an average of only 3.2 weeks. Self-reports of craving during fMRI did not differ between nonrelapsers and relapsers and did not correlate with TES. Relapse to cocaine abuse was associated with increased activation in the sensory association cortex, the motor cortex, and PCC while viewing images of cocaine-related cues. These results suggest that relapse to cocaine abuse is associated with increased brain activation to cocaine cues in sensory, motor, and cognitive-emotional processing areas. This physiological activation was a better predictor of relapse than subjective reports of craving, and may be a useful target for treatment development.

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“…We have found early behavioral differences when positive and negative faces were viewed as well (Eisenbarth and Alpers, in press; Eisenbarth, Gerdes, and Alpers, in press). However, it should not be overlooked that there are exceptions from the rule that high arousal is needed for startle attenuation (drugrelated cues with low arousal: Geier et al, 2000;Mucha et al, 2000).…”

Section: Arousal Differences Between Scenes and Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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We examined if emotional faces elicit physiological responses similar to pictures of emotional scenes. Forty one students viewed emotional scenes (negative, neutral, and positive) and emotional faces (angry, neutral, and happy). Heart rate, orbicularis oculi and electrodermal activity were measured continuously, and the startle reflex was elicited. Although the patterns of valence and arousal ratings were comparable, physiological response patterns differed. For scenes we replicated the valence-specific modulation of the startle response, heart rate deceleration, and the arousal-related modulation of the electrodermal response. In contrast, for faces we found valence-specific modulation only for the electrodermal response, but the startle and heart rate deceleration were modulated by arousal. Although arousal differences may account for some differences in physiological responding this shows that not all emotional material that is decoded similarly leads to the same psychophysiological output.

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Appetitive effects of drug cues modelled by pictures of the intake ritual: generality of cue-modulated startle examined with inpatient alcoholics

Abstract: New techniques of measuring drug cue motivation indicate that drug cues may have incentive properties in individuals in treatment for alcoholism.

Cited by 73 publications

References 20 publications

Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users

Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users

Cue-Induced Brain Activity Changes and Relapse in Cocaine-Dependent Patients

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

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