Apartheid, stress and illness: The demographic context of distress reported by South African Africans

Racial disparities in psychological distress in post-apartheid South Africa: results from the SANHANES-1 survey

“…The results provide invaluable insight into the status of mental health and its correlates within a nationally representative sample. We found that Africans had higher psychological distress than other racial groups, consistent with prior studies of race and mental health in South Africa [24,25,48]. We also found racial disparities in SES with Africans having the highest proportion of respondents with low education, income, and wealth.…”

Racial disparities in psychological distress in post-apartheid South Africa: results from the SANHANES-1 survey

“…The results provide invaluable insight into the status of mental health and its correlates within a nationally representative sample. We found that Africans had higher psychological distress than other racial groups, consistent with prior studies of race and mental health in South Africa [24,25,48]. We also found racial disparities in SES with Africans having the highest proportion of respondents with low education, income, and wealth.…”

The Estimation of Stature from the Tarsals: Enhancing the Disaster Victim Identification Process in Thailand Using the Calcaneus and the Talus

“…Furthermore, as discussed earlier in this chapter, the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population experienced adequate nutrition with minimal nutritional deficiencies and substantial caloric intake (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). The low caloric expenditure and high caloric intake experienced by the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population would have been conducive to bone growth.…”

“…Turok and Borel-Saladin (2016) describe the conditions of squatter settlements inhabited by Black South Africans, citing that shacks of one to two rooms were often built by residents from materials such as wood or pieces of zinc or tin, and had no outdoor toilets or indoor running water. This type of accommodation is typical of many of the larger squatter settlements and townships South Africa (De Beer, 1984;Kark, 1974;Turok and Borel-Saladin, 2015;Turton and Chalmers, 1990). Studies have shown that individuals in households with a lack of sewage connection and indoor water connection were more likely to contract infectious diseases such as diarrhea, polio, or cholera, and parasites, and thus suffer growth and development deficits (Checkley et al, 2004;Haque, 2007;Hathi et al, 2017).…”

“…Many of the White South African individuals in the Bidmos (2006) study lived during the apartheid era (Steyn and Işcan, 1997). During this time, White South Africans experienced a higher socioeconomic status when compared to other groups in the country, including better living conditions and limited overall poverty (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). Therefore, the differences in living conditions may be responsible for the larger calcaneal dimensions observed in the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population when compared to the Thai population.…”

The influence of biological affinity and sex on morphometric parameters of the clavicle in a South African sample

“…Recently, studies have shown that both systemic inflammation during infection and systemic inflammation resulting from untreated medical conditions (e.g., gastrointestinal illnesses such as Crohn's disease or persistent diarrhea) are associated with low levels of important growth factors (e.g., insulin‐like growth factor [IGF‐1]) and poor responsiveness of growth plates, thus impairing linear growth (Bhutta et al, ; De Boer & Denson, ; De Boer et al, ; MacRae, Farquharson, & Ahmed, ). The South African coloured sample experienced malnutrition, lack of proper medical care, and high exposure to infectious diseases and illnesses as a result of discrimination and segregation stemming from the apartheid regime (1948‐1994) (Das‐Munshi et al, ; Harris et al, ; Pfeiffer, Heinrich, Beresheim, & Alblas, ; Turton & Chalmers, ; Wisner, ). In particular, death certificates associated with individuals represented in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection list gastrointestinal illnesses as one of the untreated conditions which affected morbidity in the sample (Pfeiffer et al, ).…”

Racial disparities in psychological distress in post-apartheid South Africa: results from the SANHANES-1 survey

“…The results provide invaluable insight into the status of mental health and its correlates within a nationally representative sample. We found that Africans had higher psychological distress than other racial groups, consistent with prior studies of race and mental health in South Africa [24,25,48]. We also found racial disparities in SES with Africans having the highest proportion of respondents with low education, income, and wealth.…”

The Estimation of Stature from the Tarsals: Enhancing the Disaster Victim Identification Process in Thailand Using the Calcaneus and the Talus

“…Furthermore, as discussed earlier in this chapter, the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population experienced adequate nutrition with minimal nutritional deficiencies and substantial caloric intake (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). The low caloric expenditure and high caloric intake experienced by the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population would have been conducive to bone growth.…”

“…Turok and Borel-Saladin (2016) describe the conditions of squatter settlements inhabited by Black South Africans, citing that shacks of one to two rooms were often built by residents from materials such as wood or pieces of zinc or tin, and had no outdoor toilets or indoor running water. This type of accommodation is typical of many of the larger squatter settlements and townships South Africa (De Beer, 1984;Kark, 1974;Turok and Borel-Saladin, 2015;Turton and Chalmers, 1990). Studies have shown that individuals in households with a lack of sewage connection and indoor water connection were more likely to contract infectious diseases such as diarrhea, polio, or cholera, and parasites, and thus suffer growth and development deficits (Checkley et al, 2004;Haque, 2007;Hathi et al, 2017).…”

“…Many of the White South African individuals in the Bidmos (2006) study lived during the apartheid era (Steyn and Işcan, 1997). During this time, White South Africans experienced a higher socioeconomic status when compared to other groups in the country, including better living conditions and limited overall poverty (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). Therefore, the differences in living conditions may be responsible for the larger calcaneal dimensions observed in the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population when compared to the Thai population.…”

The influence of biological affinity and sex on morphometric parameters of the clavicle in a South African sample

“…Recently, studies have shown that both systemic inflammation during infection and systemic inflammation resulting from untreated medical conditions (e.g., gastrointestinal illnesses such as Crohn's disease or persistent diarrhea) are associated with low levels of important growth factors (e.g., insulin‐like growth factor [IGF‐1]) and poor responsiveness of growth plates, thus impairing linear growth (Bhutta et al, ; De Boer & Denson, ; De Boer et al, ; MacRae, Farquharson, & Ahmed, ). The South African coloured sample experienced malnutrition, lack of proper medical care, and high exposure to infectious diseases and illnesses as a result of discrimination and segregation stemming from the apartheid regime (1948‐1994) (Das‐Munshi et al, ; Harris et al, ; Pfeiffer, Heinrich, Beresheim, & Alblas, ; Turton & Chalmers, ; Wisner, ). In particular, death certificates associated with individuals represented in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection list gastrointestinal illnesses as one of the untreated conditions which affected morbidity in the sample (Pfeiffer et al, ).…”

Racial disparities in psychological distress in post-apartheid South Africa: results from the SANHANES-1 survey

“…The results provide invaluable insight into the status of mental health and its correlates within a nationally representative sample. We found that Africans had higher psychological distress than other racial groups, consistent with prior studies of race and mental health in South Africa [24,25,48]. We also found racial disparities in SES with Africans having the highest proportion of respondents with low education, income, and wealth.…”

The Estimation of Stature from the Tarsals: Enhancing the Disaster Victim Identification Process in Thailand Using the Calcaneus and the Talus

“…Furthermore, as discussed earlier in this chapter, the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population experienced adequate nutrition with minimal nutritional deficiencies and substantial caloric intake (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). The low caloric expenditure and high caloric intake experienced by the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population would have been conducive to bone growth.…”

“…Turok and Borel-Saladin (2016) describe the conditions of squatter settlements inhabited by Black South Africans, citing that shacks of one to two rooms were often built by residents from materials such as wood or pieces of zinc or tin, and had no outdoor toilets or indoor running water. This type of accommodation is typical of many of the larger squatter settlements and townships South Africa (De Beer, 1984;Kark, 1974;Turok and Borel-Saladin, 2015;Turton and Chalmers, 1990). Studies have shown that individuals in households with a lack of sewage connection and indoor water connection were more likely to contract infectious diseases such as diarrhea, polio, or cholera, and parasites, and thus suffer growth and development deficits (Checkley et al, 2004;Haque, 2007;Hathi et al, 2017).…”

“…Many of the White South African individuals in the Bidmos (2006) study lived during the apartheid era (Steyn and Işcan, 1997). During this time, White South Africans experienced a higher socioeconomic status when compared to other groups in the country, including better living conditions and limited overall poverty (Kon and Lackan, 2008;Turton and Chalmers, 1990;van der Berg et al, 2006). Therefore, the differences in living conditions may be responsible for the larger calcaneal dimensions observed in the White South African (Bidmos, 2006) population when compared to the Thai population.…”

The influence of biological affinity and sex on morphometric parameters of the clavicle in a South African sample

“…Recently, studies have shown that both systemic inflammation during infection and systemic inflammation resulting from untreated medical conditions (e.g., gastrointestinal illnesses such as Crohn's disease or persistent diarrhea) are associated with low levels of important growth factors (e.g., insulin‐like growth factor [IGF‐1]) and poor responsiveness of growth plates, thus impairing linear growth (Bhutta et al, ; De Boer & Denson, ; De Boer et al, ; MacRae, Farquharson, & Ahmed, ). The South African coloured sample experienced malnutrition, lack of proper medical care, and high exposure to infectious diseases and illnesses as a result of discrimination and segregation stemming from the apartheid regime (1948‐1994) (Das‐Munshi et al, ; Harris et al, ; Pfeiffer, Heinrich, Beresheim, & Alblas, ; Turton & Chalmers, ; Wisner, ). In particular, death certificates associated with individuals represented in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection list gastrointestinal illnesses as one of the untreated conditions which affected morbidity in the sample (Pfeiffer et al, ).…”