Antiviral, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of a BODIPY-Based Photosensitizer

Abstract

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) employing the BODIPY-based photosensitizer 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-4,4′-difluoroboradiazaindacene (DIMPy-BODIPY) was explored in an in vitro assay against six species of bacteria (eight total strains), three species of yeast, and three viruses as a complementary approach to their current drug-based or non-existent treatments. Our best results achieved a noteworthy 5-6 log unit reduction in CFU at 0.1 μM for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-2913), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC-44), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ATCC-2320), a 4-5 log unit reduction for Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC-19606 (0.25 μM), multidrug resistant A. baumannii ATCC-1605 (0.1 μM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-97 (0.5 μM), and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC-2146 (1 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction for Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2 155 (ATCC-700084). A 5 log unit reduction in CFU was observed for Candida albicans ATCC-90028 (1 μM) and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC-64538 (0.5 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction was noted for Candida glabrata ATCC-15545 (1 μM). Infectivity was reduced by 6 log units in dengue 1 (0.1 μM), by 5 log units (0.5 μM) in vesicular stomatitis virus, and by 2 log units (5 μM) in human adenovirus-5. Overall, the results demonstrate that DIMPy-BODIPY exhibits antiviral, OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 10605 antibacterial and antifungal photodynamic inactivation at nanomolar concentrations and short illumination times.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photomicrobicidal Cellulose Paper

“…23,58,61 Given this, we prepared photosensitizerconjugated paper sheets employing the BODIPY scaffold to determine their antimicrobial efficacy.…”

Photoantimicrobials and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy in Search of Antibiotics

“…FDAT'nin derin enfeksiyonlarda da transkutanöz iğne ile hem fotoantimikrobiyal ajan hem de fiber ile ışık verilerek uygulanabileceğinden bahsedilmektedir (47) . (8,33,36,47) . Tıbbi FS amaçla kullanılan porfirin, TBO, metilen mavisi, poli-L-lizin ve ftalosiyanin gibi bileşikler yeterli dozda verildiğinde, gün ışığı kaynağı ile mikroorganizmaları etkin bir biçimde öldürmekte-dir (Şekil).…”

“…S.aureus ve MRSA, K.pneumoniae, NDM-1 ve GSBL üreten E.coli'nin zararsız ışıkla aktive edilen katyonik fotoantimikrobiyallere karşı duyarlı olduğu bildirilmektedir (21,47) . Buna benzer şekilde bir başka çalışmada da 6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetrametil-8-(N-metil-4-piridil)-4,4'-difluoro-boradiazaindasen (DIMPy-BODIPY) FS'nin S.aureus, MRSA, VRE, A.baumannii, çoklu ilaç dirençli A.baumannii, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae ve Mycobacterium smegmatis'in üremesini inhibe ettiği gösterilmiştir (8) . Yapılan çalışmalar FDAT'in antibiyotiklere dirençli suşlar üzerinde de etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.…”

“…Carpenter ve ark. (8) ise 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetrametil-8-(N-metil-4-piridil)-4,4'-difloro-boradiazaindasen (DIMPy-BODIPY) bileşiğin vezikülar stomatitis virus ve insan adenovirus üzeri-ne etkisini araştırmışlar ve bileşiğin her iki virüsün üremesini azalttığını belirtmişler-dir. Bu yöntem benzoporfirin türevi kullanı-larak HIV ile enfekte hastalarda fotoferez tekniği ile denenmiş ve hastaların bazıların-da viral yükü azalttığı görülmüştür (6) .…”

Inactivation of Malaria Parasites in Blood: PDT vs Inhibition of Hemozoin Formation

“…This process is called antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) [81,82] or antibacterial PDT [83,84] but is also known as photodynamic inactivation (PDI) [85][86][87] or photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) [88][89][90][91]. This treatment can be effective in the case of chronic ulcers, infected burns, acne vulgaris, and a variety of local bacterial infections but also in the case of periodontitis [92], dengue [93], tuberculosis [94], viral infection [95], and malaria [96][97][98][99]. A very large variety of microorganisms have been studied and are listed by Alves et al in a recent review [70] in which the insect pest elimination, water disinfection, and elimination of food-borne pathogens are described.…”