Antireflux mechanisms in veins draining the upper territory of the vertebral column and spinal cord in man

The vertebral venous plexuses: The internal veins are muscular and external veins have valves

“…However, these mechanisms do not prevent the injection of Araldite from producing extensive filling of these veins (Groen et al,1997). Other associated veins, such as the terminal segments of the vertebral veins also contain smooth muscle indicating that they may regulate blood flow (Scapinelli,2000). So, are there structural adaptations in the veins of the IVVP that could influence the pattern of blood flow?…”

The vertebral venous plexuses: The internal veins are muscular and external veins have valves

“…However, these mechanisms do not prevent the injection of Araldite from producing extensive filling of these veins (Groen et al,1997). Other associated veins, such as the terminal segments of the vertebral veins also contain smooth muscle indicating that they may regulate blood flow (Scapinelli,2000). So, are there structural adaptations in the veins of the IVVP that could influence the pattern of blood flow?…”

Blood Brain Barrier Compromise with Endothelial Inflammation may Lead to Autoimmune Loss of Myelin during Multiple Sclerosis

“…Similar valves have been also found in the terminal segments of vertebral veins (Scapinelli, 2000) and in the azygous arch (Yeh et al, 2004;Ichikawa et al, 2008). These proximally situated valves may play a role in avoiding or limiting the venous refluxes.…”

Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization

“…As demonstrated in this report, occlusion of the draining veins with a liquid embolic agent such as Onyx leads to a reduction in shunting sufficient to result in symptomatic and radiographic cure. This effect could be due to direct occlusion of the fistula by the liquid embolic agent or by creating local venous hypertension that reverses the favorable pressure gradient for CSF to leak into the vein 16. Given that the anatomy of venous drainage of the nerve root sleeve has a plexus-like organization, we have opted to use Onyx to embolize these fistulas as the Onyx can permeate into tinier veins and venules, especially in its more dilute formulation (Onyx 18).…”

The vertebral venous plexuses: The internal veins are muscular and external veins have valves

“…However, these mechanisms do not prevent the injection of Araldite from producing extensive filling of these veins (Groen et al,1997). Other associated veins, such as the terminal segments of the vertebral veins also contain smooth muscle indicating that they may regulate blood flow (Scapinelli,2000). So, are there structural adaptations in the veins of the IVVP that could influence the pattern of blood flow?…”

Blood Brain Barrier Compromise with Endothelial Inflammation may Lead to Autoimmune Loss of Myelin during Multiple Sclerosis

“…Similar valves have been also found in the terminal segments of vertebral veins (Scapinelli, 2000) and in the azygous arch (Yeh et al, 2004;Ichikawa et al, 2008). These proximally situated valves may play a role in avoiding or limiting the venous refluxes.…”

Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization

“…As demonstrated in this report, occlusion of the draining veins with a liquid embolic agent such as Onyx leads to a reduction in shunting sufficient to result in symptomatic and radiographic cure. This effect could be due to direct occlusion of the fistula by the liquid embolic agent or by creating local venous hypertension that reverses the favorable pressure gradient for CSF to leak into the vein 16. Given that the anatomy of venous drainage of the nerve root sleeve has a plexus-like organization, we have opted to use Onyx to embolize these fistulas as the Onyx can permeate into tinier veins and venules, especially in its more dilute formulation (Onyx 18).…”

The vertebral venous plexuses: The internal veins are muscular and external veins have valves

“…However, these mechanisms do not prevent the injection of Araldite from producing extensive filling of these veins (Groen et al,1997). Other associated veins, such as the terminal segments of the vertebral veins also contain smooth muscle indicating that they may regulate blood flow (Scapinelli,2000). So, are there structural adaptations in the veins of the IVVP that could influence the pattern of blood flow?…”

Blood Brain Barrier Compromise with Endothelial Inflammation may Lead to Autoimmune Loss of Myelin during Multiple Sclerosis

“…Similar valves have been also found in the terminal segments of vertebral veins (Scapinelli, 2000) and in the azygous arch (Yeh et al, 2004;Ichikawa et al, 2008). These proximally situated valves may play a role in avoiding or limiting the venous refluxes.…”

Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization

“…As demonstrated in this report, occlusion of the draining veins with a liquid embolic agent such as Onyx leads to a reduction in shunting sufficient to result in symptomatic and radiographic cure. This effect could be due to direct occlusion of the fistula by the liquid embolic agent or by creating local venous hypertension that reverses the favorable pressure gradient for CSF to leak into the vein 16. Given that the anatomy of venous drainage of the nerve root sleeve has a plexus-like organization, we have opted to use Onyx to embolize these fistulas as the Onyx can permeate into tinier veins and venules, especially in its more dilute formulation (Onyx 18).…”