Antioxidants in experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury of the testis: Where are we heading towards?

Abstract

Testicular torsion (TT) is a medical emergency that primary affects newborns and young adolescents. It causes testicular injury due to the torsion of the spermatic cord and its components, initially in the venous blood flow and finally in the arterial blood flow. Prompt diagnosis and early surgical management are necessary in managing this urgent situation. The process of the pathophysiological events in ischemia-reperfusion is multifactorial and deals with the perception of the oxidative stress responsible for the consequences of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) stress following TT. Duration and severity of torsion also play a significant role in the oxidative stress. A detrimental result of the defense system of the testes takes place resulting finally in testicular atrophy and impaired function. Antioxidant factors have been experimentally studied in an effort to front this state. They have been classified as endogenous or exogenous antioxidants. Endogenous antioxidants comprise a structure of enzymic enzymatic and non-enzymic enzymatic particles presented within cytoplasm and numerous other subunits in the cells. Exogenous antioxidants include a variety of natural and pharmaceutical agents that may prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of I/R injury. In this study we review those factors and their ability to enhance the oxidative status of the testis. A feature insight into where we are heading is attempted.

Impact of oxidative stress on male and female germ cells: implications for fertility

“…Oxidative stress has been repeatedly implicated in the aetiology of male infertility (Bisht et al 2017, including the reproductive toxicity that flows from exposure to environmental toxicants (Kovacic & Jacintho 2001) and electromagnetic radiation (Houston et al 2016) as well as clinical conditions such as varicocoele (Agarwal et al 2009) and testicular torsion (Vaos & Zavras 2017). Oxidative stress has also been implicated in the aetiology of female infertility, including such conditions as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, premature ovarian failure and preeclampsia (Lu et al 2018, Park et al 2018).…”

Sitagliptin protects male albino rats with testicular ischaemia/reperfusion damage: Modulation of VCAM‐1 and VEGF‐A

“…Germinal cell death may follow testicular ischaemia due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites leading to damage in DNA, proteins and lipid contents of testicular cells with an increase in the production of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), which enhances leucocyte proliferation and migration with the synthesis of different pro‐inflammatory cytokines, as tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), causing germ cell apoptosis and testicular atrophy (Sperling, Krege, Lümmen, & Rübben, ; Vaos & Zavras, ; Yildirim et al, ).…”

Renal Protective Effect of Beluga Lentil Pretreatment for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

“…Damaged endothelial cells express endothelium-leukocyte adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 [ 31 ]. Increased adhesion molecules can lead to leukocyte activation, capillary obstruction, cytokine production, and proinflammatory responses [ 32 ]. The untreated group showed positive ICAM-1 expression, indicating enhanced adhesion molecule expression induced by endothelial cell damage.…”