Antioxidant Defence, Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Damage in Saliva, Plasma and Erythrocytes of Dementia Patients. Can Salivary AGE be a Marker of Dementia?

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in dementia pathogenesis; however, its impact on salivary secretion and salivary qualities is still unknown. This study included 80 patients with moderate dementia and 80 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals. Salivary flow, antioxidants (salivary peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, uric acid and total antioxidant capacity), and oxidative damage products (advanced oxidation protein products, advanced glycation end products (AGE), 8-isoprostanes, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and total oxidant status) were estimated in non-stimulated and stimulated saliva, as well as in plasma and erythrocytes. We show that in dementia patients the concentration/activity of major salivary antioxidants changes, and the level of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids is increased compared to healthy controls. Non-stimulated and stimulated salivary secretions were significantly reduced in dementia patients. The deterioration in mini mental state examination (MMSE) score correlated with salivary AGE levels, which when considered with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, suggests their potential role in the non-invasive diagnosis of dementia. In conclusion, dementia is associated with disturbed salivary redox homeostasis and impaired secretory function of the salivary glands. Salivary AGE may be useful in the diagnosis of dementia.

Does interindividual variability of saliva affect the release and metabolization of aroma compounds ex vivo? The particular case of elderly suffering or not from hyposalivation

“…For example, it has been seen that obese people presented higher TAC values than normal‐weight subjects (Piombino et al, ) and that patients with dementia presented lower TAC values than control subjects (Choromanska et al, ). Moreover, hyposalivation is frequently present in diverse systemic diseases and immunological disorders, such as obesity (Flink et al, ), diabetes mellitus (Conner, Iranpour, & Mills, ), or dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's dementia; Choromanska et al, ; Flink et al, ), and it can be also an adverse effect of the treatments (such as radiotherapy) used to treat them (Narhi et al, ; Schubert & Izutsu, ; Sreebny & Valdini, ; Valdez, Atkinson, Ship, & Fox, ). Therefore, as hyposalivation might have different origins, the dispersion of saliva composition of the subjects suffering it (and therefore its effect on aroma perception) could also be very high.…”

Validated analytical method to determine new salivary lipid peroxidation compounds as potential neurodegenerative biomarkers

“…Specifically, lipid peroxidation is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases since brain shows high oxygen consumption and high lipid composition [2,3]. Although blood is considered the best biofluid to evaluate it at systemic level, the employment of non-invasively obtained samples would help to monitor the oxidation status [4]. So saliva is considered a promising matrix in clinical studies [5].…”

“…15-F 2t -IsoP) [10]. In general, these methods are based on colorimetric assays and immunoassays [4,[17][18][19], but also liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) [10,20], or fluorescence detection methods [18] are used. Nevertheless, they have not been validated, so there is a lack of reliable analytical methods.…”

Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Psoriatic Patients: Can Salivary Total Oxidant Status and Oxidative Status Index Be a Plaque Psoriasis Biomarker?

“…Instruments, Warsaw, Poland). To protect the samples against oxidation during their processing and storage, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA; 10 μL 0.5 M BHT/1 mL of saliva) was added to the obtained supernatants [22,27]. Saliva samples for biochemical tests were frozen at -82°C and stored under these conditions until assayed (but not longer than six months).…”