Antimycobacterial mechanism of vanillin involves disruption of cell-surface integrity, virulence attributes, and iron homeostasis

Abstract

The results established for the first time that Van could be an effective antimycobacterial agent that could be exploited further in treating mycobacterial infections.

Elucidating the Mechanism of Vanillin Induced Mycobacterial Membrane Disruption: Implications of Lipid Alteration

“…Insights into the mechanism revealed that Van alters membrane integrity, decrease in respiration and loss of K + and H + ion gradients [24]. In search for the discovery of novel drugs (preferably from natural sources) with novel targets, previously we have demonstrated the antimycobacterial potential of Van, a natural food flavouring agent albeit bacteriostatic as observed from this study [10]. The study revealed that Van affects membrane integrity and virulence traits of mycobacteria.…”

“…However in due course of time the over expressions of the efflux pumps have become the major mechanism of developing MDR in MTB [29]. Therefore we firstly investigated whether membrane disruption of Van observed in previous study is due to any changes in the activity of efflux pump or not [10]. However, our results could safely conclude that the antimycobacterial mechanism of Van is independent of efflux pump inhibition (Figure 2a).…”

“…The cell membrane of MTB contains broad diversity of lipid molecules that are responsible for pathogenesis [25][26][27]. The disruption of membrane integrity in presence of Van as reported previously and role of lipids in development of MDR prompted us further to elucidate its mechanism and involvement of lipid associated changes in the present study [10,28].…”

“…Our group have deciphered the antifungal activity of Van against most prevalent human fungal pathogen Candida albicans (unpublished data). Moreover, we have previously reported that Van has promising antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium and affects membrane integrity, iron homeostasis and biofilm formation [10]. The present study, aimed to expand our understanding and add to the existing literature about the mechanisms involved in disruption of mycobacterial membrane integrity by Van, being the major target of currently used first line anti-TB drugs.…”

Antimycobacterial Effect and Mechanisms of Monoterpenoid, Perillyl Alcohol

“…Biofilm forming potentially analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using microtiter-plate method as described previously [14,15]. Briefly, M. smegmatis culture was grown overnight at 37°C in middle brook media.…”