Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Colonizing Chickens: The Impact of Plasmids, Genotype, Bacterial Communities, and Antibiotic Administration on Resistance

Abstract

The rise in Salmonella resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has become a significant threat to public health. At issue, is whether agricultural use of antimicrobials is selecting antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and the degree to which large antimicrobial resistance gene reservoirs, present in animal manures, contribute to this resistance. Two in vivo studies were performed to address these questions. In the first study, chickens were administered Salmonella and commensals, including an Escherichia coli strain with a mobile, ceftiofur-resistance plasmid, in order to determine how antibiotic administration impacted resistance in E. coli and Salmonella. All antibiotics administered to chickens increased streptomycin resistance in E. coli. However, only ceftiofur administration increased resistance in Salmonella and specifically to extended-spectrum β-lactams and cephalosporins (ESBL). There was no significant increase in ESBL-resistant Salmonella in chickens administered a ceftiofur-resistance plasmid donor. In the second study, chickens were administered two different isolates of S. enterica Typhimurium and a chicken resistome to serve as a gene donor. Birds were subsequently administered chlortetracycline or streptomycin. Antimicrobial administration significantly altered aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae population. However, there was no significant increase in antimicrobial resistant Salmonella. Administration of a chicken resistome had no significant impact on prevalence of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae populations, including Salmonella. Evident, from both studies, was that these treatments had minimal effect on increasing the prevalence of resistance in Salmonella, suggesting that other factors may be more important in dissemination of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in chickens.

Microbial Contamination of Chicken Litter Manure and Antimicrobial Resistance Threat in an Urban Area Setting in Cameroon

“…This can be explained by the fact that E. coli are commensal pathogens of the poultry gut and they are more susceptible to antibiotic selective pressure and therefore development of resistance. Meanwhile, for Salmonella spp., it has been suggested that Gram-positive bacteria tend to acquire resistance genes from the resident bacteria in their environment (usually gram positive bacteria) and acquisition is influenced by the abundance of the resistance reservoir [ 29 ]. As E. coli spp.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile andmcr-1Gene Detection inSalmonellaIsolates from Poultry in Bangladesh: Molecular and Bioinformatics Characterization

“…Salmonella is the primary and leading cause of food borne diseases globally; accounting for 78 million affected and 59 thousand deaths annually (52, 53). This is an endemic food borne disease in South Asian countries like Bangladesh (54, 55).…”

“…Due to its potential to cause enteric disease, the detection of Salmonella isolates in poultry is of great concern which are globally recognized as food borne zoonoses (52, 55, 56). The severity and length of such diseases could reduce by antimicrobial therapeutics in human (53) and poultry as well (57, 58). However, the rising of antimicrobial-resistant that is, antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat Salmonella are losing its ability to stop growing or killing of Salmonella has become a significant public health issue now days (Islam and Shiraj-um-mahmuda, 2016; Ahmed et al, 2019 Wasyl et al, 2015; Iwamoto et al, 2017).…”

“…However, the rising of antimicrobial-resistant that is, antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat Salmonella are losing its ability to stop growing or killing of Salmonella has become a significant public health issue now days (Islam and Shiraj-um-mahmuda, 2016; Ahmed et al, 2019 Wasyl et al, 2015; Iwamoto et al, 2017). As a result, standard treatment become ineffective, infections persist, and may increases chance of spreading to others (53, 61). Therefore, antimicrobial resistance is of great concern and challenging for any country.…”

Antimicrobial and Antivirulence Impacts of Phenolics on Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium

“…New antimicrobial agents need to be accessible, easy to synthesize or extract, and effective, but must also be sustainable by not contributing to the rise of antibiotic resistance in ST, or in other bacteria by way of horizontal gene transfer and the antimicrobial resistome [ 14 ]. Plants and their byproducts are important candidate sources in the discovery of novel antimicrobials, primarily because of their availability, diversity of compounds and their complex chemical makeup [ 15 , 16 ]. Extracts prepared from various plant sources have been found to contain a vast array of bioactive organic small molecules with antimicrobial properties, particularly polyphenols.…”