Antimicrobial Essential Oil Formulation: Chitosan Coated Nanoemulsions for Nose to Brain Delivery

Rinaldi, Federica; Oliva, Alessandra; Sabatino, Manuela; Imbriano, Anna; Hanieh, Patrizia Nadia; Garzoli, Stefania; Mastroianni, Claudio Maria; Angelis, Massimiliano De; Miele, Maria Claudia; Arnaut, Marcela; Timoteo, Federica Di; Marianecci, Carlotta; Ragno, Rino; Carafa, Maria

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12070678

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…[63] reported that thymol (46.3%) and p-cymene (22.1%) were identified as the main components of TEO. Rinaldi et al [64] showed the presence of thymol as the most abundant (44.4%) followed by O-cymene (18.2%) and linalool (7.5%) in the chemical composition of TEO. Based on these results, our essential oil shows a chemical composition proportionate to those mentioned by other authors who assume its memory-enhancing and antioxidant function.…”

Section: The Chemical Composition Of the Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Protects Zebrafish against Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Cholinergic and Antioxidants Systems

et al. 2020

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Thymus vulgaris L. is an aromatic herb used for medicinal purposes such as antimicrobial, spasmolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitumor, and may have beneficial effects in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The present study aimed to investigate whether Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil enhances cognitive function via the action on cholinergic neurons using scopolamine (Sco)-induced zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of memory impairments. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO, 25, 150, and 300 µL/L) was administered by immersion to zebrafish once daily for 13 days, whereas memory impairment was induced by Sco (100 μM), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, delivered 30 min before behavioral tests. Spatial memory was assessed using the Y-maze test and novel object recognition test (NOR). Anxiety and depression were measured in the novel tank diving test (NTT). Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to study the phytochemical composition of TEO. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress response in the brain of zebrafish were determined. TEO ameliorated Sco-induced increasing of AChE activity, amnesia, anxiety, and reduced the brain antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that TEO may have preventive and/or therapeutic potentials in the management of memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in zebrafish with amnesia.

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Section: The Chemical Composition Of the Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Protects Zebrafish against Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Cholinergic and Antioxidants Systems

et al. 2020

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“…The polymeric nanoemulsions were effective against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms causing meningitis. The nanoemulsions were completely biocompatible because of the natural origin of the components of nanoemulsions [ 46 ]. TAT-modified cationic peptide PA-28 is gaining interest because of its antibacterial properties.…”

Section: Nanomaterials: Applications In Meningitis and Bacterial Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections

et al. 2021

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the protective sheath around the brain that protects the sensitive microenvironments of the brain. However, certain pathogens, viruses, and bacteria disrupt the endothelial barrier and cause infection and hence inflammation in meninges. Macromolecular therapeutics are unable to cross the tight junctions, thereby limiting their bioavailability in the brain. Recently, nanotechnology has brought a revolution in the field of drug delivery in brain infections. The nanostructures have high targeting accuracy and specificity to the receptors in the case of active targeting, which have made them the ideal cargoes to permeate across the BBB. In addition, nanomaterials with biomimetic functions have been introduced to efficiently cross the BBB to be engulfed by the pathogens. This review focuses on the nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches for exploration in brain infections, including meningitis. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or, rarely, protozoa or parasites may be the cause of brain infections. Moreover, inflammation of the meninges, called meningitis, is presently diagnosed using laboratory and imaging tests. Despite attempts to improve diagnostic instruments for brain infections and meningitis, due to its complicated and multidimensional nature and lack of successful diagnosis, meningitis appears almost untreatable. Potential for overcoming the difficulties and limitations related to conventional diagnostics has been shown by nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomedicine now offers new methods and perspectives to improve our knowledge of meningitis and can potentially give meningitis patients new hope. Here, we review traditional diagnosis tools and key nanoparticles (Au-NPs, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), QDs, etc.) for early diagnosis of brain infections and meningitis.

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“…Among the most important ones possible, drug degradation in nasal mucosa, limited capacity of the nasal cavity, and its high clearance are mentioned [ 36 ]. In order to improve the effectiveness of nose-to-brain drug delivery, different carriers are employed, including mucoadhesive formulations, polymeric [ 37 ], and lipid nanoparticles [ 38 ], micelles [ 39 ], nanostructured lipid carriers [ 40 ], nanoemulsions [ 41 ], and microemulsions [ 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

et al. 2021

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Nose-to-brain drug delivery has recently attracted enormous attention as an alternative to other delivery routes, including the most popular oral one. Due to the unique anatomical features of the nasal cavity, drugs administered intranasally can be delivered directly to the central nervous system. The most important advantage of this approach is the ability to avoid the blood–brain barrier surrounding the brain and blocking the entry of exogenous substances to the central nervous system. Moreover, selective brain targeting could possibly avoid peripheral side effects of pharmacotherapy. The challenges associated with nose-to-brain drug delivery are mostly due to the small volume of the nasal cavity and insufficient drug absorption from nasal mucosa. These issues could be minimized by using a properly designed drug carrier. Microemulsions as potential drug delivery systems offer good solubilizing properties and the ability to enhance drug permeation through biological membranes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of the research focused on microemulsion-based systems for nose-to-brain delivery with special attention to the most extensively investigated neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.

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Antimicrobial Essential Oil Formulation: Chitosan Coated Nanoemulsions for Nose to Brain Delivery

Cited by 40 publications

References 45 publications

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Protects Zebrafish against Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Cholinergic and Antioxidants Systems

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Protects Zebrafish against Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Cholinergic and Antioxidants Systems

Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections

Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

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