Antifouling: Regulation of biocides in the UK before and after Brexit

McNeil, Ewan M.

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.015

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…California is also presently considering similar regulations, and local regulations have been enacted in areas like San Diego's Mission Bay (Schiff et al 2007). Internationally, the European Union recently enacted new regulations on application and residue levels of copper-containing biocides (McNeil 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano and traditional copper and zinc antifouling coatings: metal release and impact on marine sessile invertebrate communities

et al. 2020

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Artificial surfaces in coastal waters and offshore oceans, including boat hulls, docks, and offshore structures, are invariably colonized, or fouled, by a host of sessile species known collectively as fouling communities. Fouling has great economic impacts on shipping and other marine industries and plays an important role in the spread of marine invasive species across the globe. The main strategy to prevent fouling of artificial surfaces is application of antifouling coatings containing varying concentrations and mixtures of biocides. Presently, copper and zinc are popular antifouling biocides, and the latter is gaining in usage due to the known toxic characteristics of copper in the marine environment and consequent regulation and consumer opinion. Nanomaterials, including Cu and ZnO nanoparticles, have been explored as a way to efficiently deliver biocides from coating matrices. Here, we examine the efficacy and biocide release characteristics of several copper-and zinc-based antifouling coatings, including formulations containing traditional micron-sized Cu and ZnO particles and two containing copper and ZnO nanoparticles, respectively. Most of the antifouling coatings tested significantly reduced the abundance and biodiversity of the fouling community in the three study locations across California. Invasive species were suppressed by most coatings at similar levels to natives, suggesting that in general, antifouling coatings do not favor invasive species. We found that zinc-based antifouling coatings were similar and in some cases better performing than copper, despite the generally lower toxicity of zinc to aquatic organisms compared with copper. The performance of zinc-based coatings, moreover, was not directly related to the amount of zinc released into the water or their zinc content. Nanobased coatings did not offer any clear advantages over nonnano coatings, either in the degree of Zn leaching or fouling suppression. Coating matrix properties clearly are an important factor affecting the efficacy and biocide leaching rate of antifouling coatings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano and traditional copper and zinc antifouling coatings: metal release and impact on marine sessile invertebrate communities

et al. 2020

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“…Further experiments with other macro-foulers are also required to determine the mode of action and to identify the active compounds present in the extract that are responsible for the observed activity. Despite the interest of the positive results obtained with the MCE of B. licheniformis, and the economic advantages of using bacterial extracts instead of purified compounds, the identification of the active substances is pivotal in order to assess the stability of the activity in the biomass produced as well as to fulfill the regulatory requirements (Rittschof et al, 2015;McNeil, 2018;Tian et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Anti-fouling Efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis Extracts Under Environmental and Natural Conditions

et al. 2021

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There is an increasing interest in developing innovative coatings and testing natural products with anti-fouling activity to substitute current highly toxic biocides that have a harmful impact on marine organisms. Bacillus licheniformis species have shown different anti-biofilm and anti-fouling activities in vitro, but so far, its efficacy in field trials has not been tested. For this purpose, the capacity of different extracts of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T to prevent micro and macro-fouling was first tested in vitro. The methanol cell extract (MCE) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation without significantly affecting planktonic growth and displayed a significant efficacy to prevent larval settlement of the macro-fouler Bugula neritina in vitro without inducing lethality. Additionally, the MCE presented low toxicity against the non-target species Artemia salina. The B. licheniformis MCE was then incorporated in a self-polishing paint at 2 and 5% w/w and tested in a static immersion experiment in the Gulf of Aqaba (northern Red Sea) for 180 days. Fouling coverage decreased by 30% in the 5% MCE-treated panels in comparison with the control panels. Differences in the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts depending on the culture medium highlight the importance of the strict control of culture conditions for the production of biomass with stable bioactive activity. The results indicate the potential of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T crude extracts for environmentally friendly anti-fouling applications, although a deeper characterization of the bioactive compounds present in the B. licheniformis MCE and its mode of action is required to allow strict control of the activity of the extracts to achieve large-scale industrial production.

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“…In recent years, laws and regulations on antifouling material compositions are increasingly strict [43] . The European Union issued "Biocidal Products Directive" (BPD) in 2000, which review all biological biocidal products including antifouling paints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection

et al. 2021

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Marine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents, which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem. Therefore, green, long-term, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers. In recent years, many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials. In this review, contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies (2000–2020). Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers, antifoulant releasing coatings, foul release coatings, conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology. Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin, whale skin, dolphin skin, coral tentacles, lotus leaves and other biology structures. Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end, and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.

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Antifouling: Regulation of biocides in the UK before and after Brexit

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Nano and traditional copper and zinc antifouling coatings: metal release and impact on marine sessile invertebrate communities

Nano and traditional copper and zinc antifouling coatings: metal release and impact on marine sessile invertebrate communities

Evaluation of the Anti-fouling Efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis Extracts Under Environmental and Natural Conditions

Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection

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