Antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation causes gut endocannabinoidome changes, hippocampal neuroglial reorganization and depression in mice

Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prevents Postantibiotic Bone Loss by Reducing Intestinal Dysbiosis and Preventing Barrier Disruption

“…Antibiotic‐treated and posttreated mice serve as additional models for investigating the roles of a depleted microbiome and dysbiosis, respectively, on organ health . Only a few studies to date have examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on bone health; most have focused on the impact of chronic treatment.…”

“…Antibiotic-treated and posttreated mice serve as additional models for investigating the roles of a depleted microbiome and dysbiosis, respectively, on organ health. (36)(37)(38)(39) Only a few studies to date have examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on bone health; most have focused on the impact of chronic treatment. The results have been inconsistent, likely because of different treatment lengths, differences in age at the initiation of treatment, and possibly differences in starting microbiome composition.…”

Perturbation of Ephrin Receptor Signaling and Glutamatergic Transmission in the Hypothalamus in Depression Using Proteomics Integrated With Metabolomics

“…Some alterations at the cellular level of the hypothalamus, such as perturbation of hypothalamic peptides such as vasopressin, corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH), as well as regulatory proteins involved in neurotransmitter metabolism, have been found in depression (Rao et al, 2016;Karisetty et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2017;Bernstein et al, 2019). Furthermore, the hypothalamus is closely communicated to the PFC and hippocampus (Savitz et al, 2013;Bernstein et al, 2019), which are widely recognized as main brain regions in the pathogenesis of MDD (Veeraiah et al, 2014;Guida et al, 2018). The aforementioned evidence has indicated that functional abnormalities of the hypothalamus are critical in the pathophysiology of depression.…”

The microbiota promotes social behavior by modulating microglial remodeling of forebrain neurons

“…Though studies examining the microbial modulation of neuronal gene expression have largely focused on cortex and the hippocampus, altered amygdala expression of genes including BDNF and multiple neurotransmitter pathways could also affect social behavior by modifying neuronal morphology or connectivity. 16,22,50,[53][54][55] For example, oxytocin signaling in the murine hypothalamus is altered following probiotic treatment. [56][57][58] As the hypothalamus is a vTel y321 analog and oxytocin signaling is important for zebrafish social behavior, it will be interesting to investigate whether microbial modulation of social behavior, neuronal gene expression, and cytoarchitecture intersect in forebrain neuromodulatory systems.…”

“…There is precedence for this idea in the literature -antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in mice impairs their response to social novelty and induces morphologically "active" microglia in the hippocampus and cortex. 54 Microglia in GF mice are also larger, less mature, less responsive to LPS challenge, and more abundant in the cortex, corpus callosum, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum than in specific pathogen free (SPF) controls. 64 Contrary to these phenotypes, the microglial subpopulation directly embedded in the vTel y321 nucleus is reduced in GF larvae relative to CVZ controls ( Figure 6), and vTel y321 microglial morphology or dynamics, which correlate with pruning and phagocytic activity, do not appear influenced by the microbiota (Figure 7).…”