Antibacterial Properties of Young and Mature Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica) Extract on Some Clinical Isolates

Abstract

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial properties and efficacy of mango (Mangifera indica) leaf extracts on some clinical isolates as test rganisms. 
 Study Design: The study employed statistical analysis of the data and interpretation
 Place and Duration of Study: Young and mature mango leaves were collected from the Botanical Garden, Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Nigeria, and taken to the laboratory for analyses. 
 Methodology: The samples were dried in an oven at 80oC for 3 days. Thereafter, 50 g of each ground mango leaf (young and mature leaves) were soaked separately in 500 ml of water, ethanol (95% v/v), and acetic acid (99.9% v/v) respectively for another 3 days. The soaked materials were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper into sterile beakers and evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80oC. The dried extracts obtained were reconstituted with water at concentrations of 100, 75, 50, and 25 mg/ml. Test organisms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained after proper laboratory screening of isolates from the diagnostic laboratory of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, for confirmation of identity and storage in universal bottles in a refrigerator. Sensitivity tests were carried out with the agar well diffusion method against the test organisms, using tetracycline as the standard control drug, with cultures incubated accordingly. The measured zones of inhibition were compared with the controls and interpreted as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to mango extracts in accordance with the interpretive guidelines published by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also carried out.
 Results: Results obtained showed that acetic acid young leaf extract at 100mg/ml produced 50 % susceptibility and 50 % intermediate response of test bacterial species. Generally, at 100 mg/ml, acetic acid young leaf extracts yielded 50% susceptibility and 50% intermediate response among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ethanolic extracts gave 100% intermediate sensitivity of Gram-negative species and 50% each of resistant and intermediate response in Gram-positive forms. Aqueous extracts also produced no susceptibility among the test organisms as there was 100% resistance. Extracts of mature mango leaves of all solvents and at all concentrations used yielded no susceptibility response among the test bacterial species on the NCCLS scale. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were found to range from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. Additionally, it was observed that the sensitivity of organisms to mango extracts increased with concentration.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, acetic acid has a better extracting potential than ethanol and water as a solvent for the extraction of mango parts. More so, young mango leaves extracted with acetic acid possess higher broad-spectrum antibacterial properties than the mature mango leaves extracted from the same plant. It is therefore recommended that young mango leaves, extracted with acetic acid, be used for the treatment of microbial infections at concentrations not below 50 mg/ml.

Mitigation of Environmental Waste Accumulation Through the Exploration and Screening of Agrowaste for Inherent Antimicrobial Properties

“…Mango leaves were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. They were extracted for 24 hours using acetone 10 g per 100 ml of solution (Ogbonna et al, 2022)…”

Effects of Maturation on Antibacterial Properties of Vietnamese Mango (Mangifera indica) Leaves

“…Many researchers have chosen young leaves of mangoes in the investigation of their therapeutic properties, but they have not described in detail the traditional or scientific bases of this choice [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Several studies have examined the relationship between mango leaves' stages of maturity and their pharmacological functions, such as inhibition of pancreatic lipase [12], inhibition of advanced glycation end-products [13], antioxidant activities [14,15], and allelopathic [16] and antibacterial effects [17,18]. Changes in phytochemical profiles due to maturation, including the alterations of bioactive compounds, have been reported to mediate the differences in several therapeutic properties of mango leaves, including the inhibition of pancreatic lipase [12], antioxidant activities [15], and allelopathic functions [16].…”

“…However, regarding their efficacy against bacteria, there have been no studies investigating how alterations in the phytochemical constituents of this material at various maturity stages contribute to its different activities. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for its modes of action remain undetermined [17,18].…”

“…In addition, it has been identified as the principal compound responsible for the antibacterial properties of mango leaves [23][24][25][26][27]. While previous studies have observed that mango leaves at different maturity stages have different effects on bacteria [17,18], they…”