Antibacterial Effect of Xanthorrhizol (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) Against the Biofilm of Fusobacterium Nucleatum

Abstract

Objective: Endodontic infections are treated with a root canal; one of the stages involves using an irrigation solution to eliminate microorganisms.Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an irrigation solution used to eliminate Fusobacterium nucleatum, the common cause of primary endodonticinfections. However, this material is synthetic and can cause side effects and inflammation of the periapical tissues. Thus, an irrigation solution, suchas xanthorrhizol, which is made of natural ingredients, is required. However, xanthorrhizol’s antibacterial effect against F. nucleatum has never beenassessed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol, derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586biofilm.Methods: The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay test and colony count test were performed to assess F. nucleatum eradication after exposure toxanthorrhizol at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and 2.5% NaOCl, which was used as positive control.Results: Significant differences were observed in terms of cell viability after treatment with xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% versus 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%. The MTT assay test was used to evaluate cell viability in the biofilm and cell metabolism activities. Results showed no significantdifferences in terms of efficacy between xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5%, which are considered effective against F. nucleatum, and2.5% NaOCl (p>0.05).Conclusion: The effect of xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5% against F. nucleatum is similar to that of 2.5% NaOCl.

Out of control: The need for standardised solvent approaches and data reporting in antibiofilm assays incorporating dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO)

“…While pure DMSO was often used to prepare stock solutions of test substances, only final exposure concentrations were of interest and were almost always lower than stocks following dilution with bacterial suspensions in media [ [46] , [47] , [48] ] (Supplementary spreadsheet). However, in assays measuring degradation of preformed biofilms whereby test solutions were added to effectively dry, adhered bacterial cells after media was discarded, high (50–100%) final DMSO exposures occurred if stocks were applied undiluted [ 49 , 50 ] ( Table 1 ; Supplementary spreadsheet). Final DMSO exposure concentrations were directly specified or otherwise calculable based on information provided in methods in 66% of articles ( n = 50) ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Those that did not include relevant DMSO controls ( n = 38 articles) often used low concentrations (≤1% DMSO) to deliver treatments, which likely contributed to a reduced perceived need for a solvent control [ 47 , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] ]. Studies that used higher DMSO concentrations without solvent controls were more concerning [ 49 , 50 , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] ] as were studies that did not provide concentrations of DMSO used in treatments and did not include solvent controls [ 43 , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] ]. Media-only control-treated biofilms were frequently used in the calculations [ 50 , 56 , 57 , 78 , 79 ] although it is most appropriate to compare treatments delivered with DMSO to DMSO-only control-treated biofilms normalised to 100% growth as in [ 41 , [80] , [81] , [82] ].…”

“…Studies that used higher DMSO concentrations without solvent controls were more concerning [ 49 , 50 , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] ] as were studies that did not provide concentrations of DMSO used in treatments and did not include solvent controls [ 43 , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] ]. Media-only control-treated biofilms were frequently used in the calculations [ 50 , 56 , 57 , 78 , 79 ] although it is most appropriate to compare treatments delivered with DMSO to DMSO-only control-treated biofilms normalised to 100% growth as in [ 41 , [80] , [81] , [82] ]. Alternatively, the range of treatments may be delivered with and without DMSO, as per Campbell et al [ 83 ] who applied a range of ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate (EEB) concentrations in media as well as the same EEB concentrations in media with 1% DMSO, to Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans biofilms.…”

Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb. An Indonesia Native Medicinal Plant with Potential Antioral Biofilm Effect

“…Another in vitro study against root canal biofilm F. nucleatum presented that XNT at concentrations 1.25% and 1.5% reported similar eradication activity compared with 2.5% NaOCl [72].…”

Emerging strategies for combating Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer treatment: Systematic review, improvements and future challenges

“…Turmeric extract Curcuminoid [82] Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Curcuminoid [74] Isabgol Acid derivatives Acid derivatives enhance the permeability of cell membranes, causing the barrier function to be disrupted and a modest amount of nucleotide leakage. [104,105] [86]…”