Antiatherosclerotic and Cardioprotective Effects of Time-Released Garlic Powder Pills

Abstract

Garlic is believed to produce beneficial changes in different cardiovascular risk factors, thus possessing antiatherosclerotic properties. The hypotensive and cholesterol-lowering effects were investigated in two studies in men with mild arterial hypertension and in men with mild hypercholesterolemia. Eight-week treatment resulted in the reduction of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 5.2% (P=0.008) and 4.0% (P=0.014), respectively. In hypolipidemic study, the 12-week treatment resulted in a decrease in LDL cholesterol by 11.8% (P=0.002), while HDL cholesterol increased by 11.5% (P=0.013). In men with cerebral atherosclerosis it has been demonstrated that 14-days treatment inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 25.4% (P<0.05) and increased plasma fibrinolytic activity by 22.4% (P<0.05). One more study was performed in high-risk patients to evaluate the changes of prognostic cardiovascular risk that was calculated using algorithms derived from Framingham and Muenster Studies. Twelve-months treatment lowered 10-years prognostic risk of CHD by 13.2% in men (P=0.005), and by 7.1% in women (P=0.040). Ten-year prognostic risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death was lowered by 26.1% in men (P=0.025). The Atherosclerosis Monitoring and Atherogenicity Reduction Study (AMAR) was designed to estimate the effect of two-year treatment with garlic powder pills on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic men. A significant correlation has been revealed between the changes in blood serum atherogenicity and the changes in carotid intima-media thickness (r=0.144, P=0.045). Evidence obtained from these studies as well as series of double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trials indicates that garlic powder pills are effective for prevention of cardiovascular disorders.

Stability and extraction of bioactive sulfur compounds from Allium genus processed by traditional and innovative technologies

“…It has been shown that Allium containing vegetables, especially garlic, possess very high antioxidant activities (Halliwell et al, 1992;Kinalski and Noreña, 2014;Locatelli et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2015), with various bioactivities such as antifungal (Fratianni et al, 2016;Li et al, 2014;Yoshida et al, 1987), antiviral (Weber et al, 1992), antibacterial (Brown et al, 2013;Yoshida et al, 1999), hypoglycemic (Liu et al, 2007;Ryan et al, 2001), hyperglycemic (Hou et al, 2010;Moradi et al, 2013), hypolipidemic (Bordia et al, 1998) and anti-atherosclerotic activities (Ashraf et al, 2005;Karagodin et al, 2016). Furthermore, recent studies have associated garlic consumption with preventive effects on human cancer (Chiavarini et al, 2016;de Giorgio and Stebbing, 2016;Kaschula et al, 2016;Myneni et al, 2016;Saud et al, 2016;Smith et al, 2016).…”

Alliin alters gut microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial tissues

“…Garlic simultaneously has a pungent smell and a spicy taste because of its organosulfur compounds (OSCs). The OSCs in garlic have been extensively investigated for their therapeutic applications (Arreola et al, ; Foroutanrad, Hazrati, & Khademvatan, ; Guan, Zhao, Xie, & Zeng, ; Karagodin, Sobenin, & Orekhov, ; Puccinelli & Stan, ). Alliin (S‐allyl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxide) is one of the major sulfur‐containing compounds in garlic (Hirsch et al, ).…”

Medicinal Plants as a Potential and Successful Treatment Option in the Context of Atherosclerosis

“…Garlic (Allium sativum L.) possesses multiple antiatherosclerotic effects. Allicor, garlic powder, inhibits inflammation signaling (like TNF, IL-1b, ICAM-1, and HLA-DR expression and secretion) (Karagodin et al, 2016a). Garlic also exhibits hypotensive activity through the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (Asdaq and Inamdar, 2010), positive activation of the growth suppressor p27, descent of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (Castro et al, 2010), and downregulation of angiotensin II receptor (Mansour et al, 2013), reduction of vasoconstrictor prostanoids synthesis (Al-Qattan et al, 2001), stimulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production (Al-Qattan et al, 2006), and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Ried and Fakler, 2014;Karagodin et al, 2016a).…”

“…Allicor, garlic powder, inhibits inflammation signaling (like TNF, IL-1b, ICAM-1, and HLA-DR expression and secretion) (Karagodin et al, 2016a). Garlic also exhibits hypotensive activity through the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (Asdaq and Inamdar, 2010), positive activation of the growth suppressor p27, descent of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (Castro et al, 2010), and downregulation of angiotensin II receptor (Mansour et al, 2013), reduction of vasoconstrictor prostanoids synthesis (Al-Qattan et al, 2001), stimulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production (Al-Qattan et al, 2006), and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Ried and Fakler, 2014;Karagodin et al, 2016a). Garlic antithrombotic activity revealed through suppression of cyclooxygenase (Ali et al, 2000), diminished production of thromboxane B2 and vasoconstrictors like prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 by platelets (Vilahur and Badimon, 2013), control of membrane phospholipases activity, and serotonin and coagulation factor IV secreting from platelets (Rahman, 2007).…”

“…-Regulating LXR/PPAR-ABCA1 pathway (Zhao S. et al, 2016) -Up-regulation of LXRa and ABCA1 expression (Zhao et al, 2014) Hypotensive effects Garlic (Allium sativum L.) -Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (Asdaq and Inamdar, 2010) -Activation of the growth suppressor p27 (Castro et al, 2010) -Down-regulation of angiotensin II receptor (Mansour et al, 2013) -Reduction of vasoconstrictor prostanoids synthesis (Al-Qattan et al, 2001) -Stimulation of H2S production (Al-Qattan et al, 2006) -Regulation of endothelial NO synthesis (Ried and Fakler, 2014;Karagodin et al, 2016b) 2018Allicor (Allium sativum L.) 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 42 men: -lipid-lowering effect (TC -7.6 ± 2.4%, LDL -11.8 ± 4.5%, Tg -7.7 ± 9.0%) Sobenin et al (2008a) 16-weeks randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in 84 men with moderate hypertension: -hypotensive (SBP -9.3 ± 0.7 mmHg, DBP -3.8 ± 0.5 mmHg) Sobenin et al (2009) 4-weeks randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled outpatient clinical trial of 60 T2D patients: -blood glucose decrease (-1.8 ± 0.5mmol/l) Sobenin et al (2008) Garlic (Allium sativum L.) 6-weeks randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 51 patients with obesity: -LDL-lowering effect (p=0.05) Curcumin formulation 3-months randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 100 T2D patients: -blood glucose decrease, -9 ± 16 mg/dL Panahi et al (2018) 12-weeks randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 50 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease -BMI decrease (p < 0.001) -TNF-a reduction (< 0.001) Saadati et al (2019) Licorice root extract 12-months randomized placebo-controlled study in 110 patients with hypercholesterolemia: -lipid-lowering effect (TC -7.8%, LDL -4.9%)…”