Anti–waveguiding vertical–cavity surface–emitting laser at 850 nm: From concept to advances in high–speed data transmission

Abstract

Oxide-confined vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with anti-waveguiding AlAs-rich core presently attract a lot of attention. Anti-waveguiding cavity enables the maximum possible optical confinement of the VCSEL mode ("λ/2 design"), increases its oscillator strength and reduces dramatically the optical power accumulated in the VCSEL mesa regions outside the aperture. VCSEL designs are suggested that favor single transverse mode operation. Modeling including current-induced and absorption-induced overheating shows that the preference for the transverse fundamental mode persists up to 10 mA current at 5 µm aperture diameter. Error-free data transmission is realized up to 160 Gb/s in digital-multitone (DMT) format using single-mode anti-waveguiding VCSELs. The approach to single-mode anti-waveguiding VCSELs is extended over a broad spectral range realizing error-free high-speed data transmission at both 850 nm and 910 nm.

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for data communication and sensing

“…VCSELs will continue to be the dominant laser sources in data centers and HPCs and might penetrate chip-to-chip and even on-chip optical interconnects. Single-mode VCSELs with a reduced spectral width will attract significant interest for extended distance transmission over MMF for data centers and HPCs [66,86,87,[194][195][196][197][198]. Advanced modulation formats like carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) or discrete multi-tone (DMT) for high-speed VCSEL transmission are promising to increase the transmission data rates beyond 100 Gbps with a high spectral efficiency [199,200].…”

Secure sharing method of network data transmission based on multi-layer encryption technology

“…Once connected to a node, there is no need to connect to other nodes, which effectively ensures that the information node has only one parent node and multiple child nodes [9]. Furthermore, based on the multi-layer encryption technology, the quantitative evaluation of network data is carried out, and the evaluation index is standardized, so as to better evaluate the network information transmission security and ensure the data transmission and sharing security of the evaluated object [10]. The evaluation experts design the evaluation scheme according to the application.…”

OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OUT OF THE 1550 nm WINDOW TRANSMISSION

“…To overcome limitations related to the MMF chromatic dispersion, single mode (SM) VCSELs have been developed [7]. The single mode VCSELs are characterized by the limited optical spectrum width, since preferably only one wavelength mode occurs.…”