Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Glycosaminoglycan Derived FromGryllus bimaculatus(A Type of Cricket, Insect) on Adjuvant-Treated Chronic Arthritis Rat Model

Abstract

Anti-inflammatory effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derived from cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus, Gb) were investigated in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-treated chronic arthritic rat model. This GAG produced a significant anti-edema effect as evidenced by inhibition of C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor, and interfered with atherogenesis by reducing proinflammatory cytokine levels of (1) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), (2) interleukin-6, (3) prostaglandin E2-stimulated lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells, and (4) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in normal splenocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. This GAG was also found to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in HUVEC cells and elevated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity levels. Histological findings demonstrated the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV) dorsal root ganglion, which was linked to the paw treated with Gb GAG, was repaired against CFA-induced cartilage destruction. Further, combined indomethacin (5 mg/kg)-Gb GAG (10 mg/kg) inhibited more effectively CFA-induced paw edema at 3 h and 2 or 3 d after treatment to levels comparable to only the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. Ultraviolet (UV)-irritated skin inflammation also downregulated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activity in transfected HaCaT cells. Data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GAG obtained from cricket (Gb) may be useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases including chronic arthritis.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Bombus ignitus Queen Glycosaminoglycans in Rats on a High-Fat Diet

“…Cells were grown in an endothelial cell basal medium (EBM)-2 with EGM-2 singlequots (Cambrex) at 37 °C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 . Cells pretreated with 0.2 mg/mL of each individual GAG or Pravastatin were incubated prior to the determination of NO (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( e NOS), and VEGF (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) as previously reported [5], according to manufacturers’ instructions.…”

“…GAGs isolated and purified from various vertebrate and invertebrate tissues have been shown to comprise of an anion sugar sulfate with functional properties [2]. GAGs derived from insects have been studied such as a mosquito heparan sulfate [3], Isaria sinclairii GAG capable of reducing blood pressure [4], and Gryllus bimaculatus GAG having anti-inflammatory activity [5]. The extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to regulate the development and function of numerous tissues and organs.…”

Insights into the genomic evolution of insects from cricket genomes

“…including rearing for consumption, issues relevant to its biochemical composition (Ghosh et al, 2017), human health and safety (Ahn et al, 2011;Ryu et al, 2016), putative health benefits (Ahn et al, 2014;Dong-Hwan et al, 2004;Hwang et al, 2019;Park et al, 2019), and processing techniques (Dobermann, Field, & Michaelson, 2019) have been extensively described. Thus, the genome of G. bimaculatus herein described, adds to this body of biological knowledge by providing invaluable information that will be required to maximize the potential of this cricket to become an increasingly significant part of the worldwide diet in the future.…”

“…Rats treated with ethanol extracts of whole adult G. bimaculatus showed signs of reduced aging, including characteristic aging-associated gene expression profiles, and reduced levels of markers of DNA oxidative damage, (Ahn, Hwang, Yun, Kim, & Park, 2015). Glycosaminoglycans derived from G. bimaculatus were reported to elicit some anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of chronic arthritis (Ahn, Han, Hwang, Yun, & Lee, 2014). Rats fed a diet including an ethanol extract of G. bimaculatus accumulated less abdominal fat and had lower serum glucose levels than control animals (Ahn, Kim, Kwon, Hwang, & Park, 2015).…”

Fasting conditions and dietary phenamena of edible cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus)

“…또한 미국, 덴마크, 태국 등에서 식품으로 요리 가공 판매되어 왔다. 농촌진흥청이 귀뚜라미의 새로운 용도개발에 착수한 것은 2000년부터 분류, 기능성 검정 (Ahn et al 2000, Ahn et al 2004, Ahn et al 2014) 활성 성분 분리, 청정 사육법 개발을 거쳐 약리독 성 평가 (Ahn et al 2005, Ahn et al 2011 …”