Antenna-on-Package Design: Achieving Near-Isotropic Radiation Pattern and Wide CP Coverage Simultaneously

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) applications require AQ:1 1 orientation insensitive wireless devices to maintain stable and 2 reliable communication as well as the localization capability 3 using the global positioning system (GPS). For those reasons, 4 antennas providing near-isotropic radiation pattern with wide 5 circular polarization (CP) coverage are high in demand for IoT AQ:2 6 applications. In this work, we derive conditions for 3-D antenna 7 on package (AoP), through a combination of three orthogonal 8 dipoles model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique 9 to achieve near-isotropic radiation pattern and wide CP coverage 10 simultaneously. Design guidelines have been provided, and a 11 practical AoP has been designed on a 3-D cube package by 12 following this guideline. A prototype has been fabricated and 13 the measured results demonstrate an isotropy of ∼93% and 14 CP coverage of ∼18%, which matches well with the predicted 15 results from the theoretical analysis as well as the full-wave 16 electromagnetic simulations. 17 Index Terms-Circularly polarized antenna, near-isotropic 18 radiation pattern, orientation insensitive antenna. 19 I. INTRODUCTION 20 I NTERNET of Things (IoT) will bring connectivity to the 21 next level, where billions of smart devices to be designed 22 for making decisions for a large number of applications in an 23 automated fashion. These huge numbers of IoT devices will 24 depend on high speed and uninterrupted wireless communica-25 tion for their smooth functioning. Thus, a new generation of 26 antennas is required which are space-efficient, low cost, and 27 orientation insensitive in terms of stable performance. Low 28 cost and efficient space can be achieved through the antenna-29 on-package (AoP) concept.

Downlink Performance Analysis in MIMO UAV-Cellular Communication With LOS/NLOS Propagation Under 3D Beamforming

“…Then, we derive the association probability of an arbitrary UE with BS in both LOS/NLOS conditions. Lemma 2: The probability that atypical user is associated with the nearest UAV/TBS in LOS/NLOS condition can be given in (15) and (16), as shown at the bottom of the next page.…”

“…2) The TBS association probability. Substituting (40) and ( 13) into (39), we obtain the result in (16).…”

“…It is worth noting that all of the aforementioned work considered a downlink transmission where the UAVs are placed at a constant height [2], [11], [15]. Similarly, in [16] the theoretical approach analysis of cellular-connected UAV by applying more practical 3D antenna radiation patterns was provided, but beamforming was not incorporated.…”

Orientation Aware Intelligent 3-D Cubic Antenna System With Automated Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability

“…The aim for such designs is to reduce the difference between the maximum and minimum gains. Typical value of GV is taken to be 7 dB or below for quasi-isotropic radiators as previously shown in [11] [13].…”

“…Nonetheless, energy efficiency is hard to achieve because, typically, the antennas used in these nodes have mostly omnidirectional radiation patterns that emit power in every direction [8]. Some recent advances in similar designs research are focused on enhancing the omni-directional radiation pattern to a quasiisotropic one by implementing folded dipoles [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14], thus ensuring almost complete orientation insensitive wireless communication. However, the energy efficiency problem only gets worse.…”