Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To determine the relationship and prevalence of taste and smell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 in the UAE population. Methods Enrolled participants were interviewed online via a phone call after obtaining their informed consent. Quantification of smell, taste, and other sensations before, during, and after COVID-19 infection was correlated with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Results A total of 500 (mild – severe) COVID-19 patients completed the survey. A total of 26.4% were asymptomatic, and 21.4% were classified as paucisymptomatic with less severe symptoms. Almost equal proportions of the studied population experienced extreme taste sensation reductions (43%) and loss of smell sensation (44%). Statistically significant drastic decreases in smell and taste senses were seen among younger ages. The magnitude of reduction in both sense changes increased steeply from the asymptomatic group to the paucisymptomatic group to the symptomatic group . Conclusion Sudden anosmia or ageusia needs to be recognized for early detection of COVID-19 infection to identify otherwise hidden carriers, thus favoring an early isolation strategy that will restrict the spread of the disease.

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“…Both of these symptoms were more common in COVID-19 compared to other respiratory infections (approximately 10 and 9 times, respectively). ( 13 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population

Al‐Rawi¹,

Sammouda²,

AlRahin³

et al. 2022

International Dental Journal

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“…Data extraction was conducted as explained in previous studies. 23 , 24 , 43 Briefly, important data from the eligible articles were extracted and whenever required supplementary materials were extracted. The list of references was retrieved to search for additional relevant studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system, however, various other organs can also be affected 13 – 17 and with many unknown outcomes. Several studies have been conducted to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on several affected health outcomes including those of the hepatic, 18 cardiovascular, 19 , 20 and central nervous systems, 21 , 22 and the occurrence of anosmia and dysgeusia, 23 as well as hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. 24 Recently, gastrointestinal (GI) problems have emerged in patients with COVID-19, in particular diarrhea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence of prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 survivors and potential pathogenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background: This study aimed to determine the cumulative prevalence of prolonged gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, abdominal pain, and dysgeusia, in survivors of both mild and severe COVID-19 worldwide and to discuss the potential pathogenesis. Methods: Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant articles up to January 30, 2021. Data on study characteristics, clinical characteristics during follow-up, the number of patients with prolonged GI symptoms, and total number of COVID-19 survivors were retrieved according to PRISMA guidelines. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The pooled prevalence of specific prolonged GI symptoms was calculated and the association between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of prolonged GI symptoms was assessed if appropriate. Results: The global prevalence of prolonged nausea was 3.23% (95% CI: 0.54%–16.53%) among 527 COVID-19 survivors. Vomiting persisted in 93 of 2,238 COVID-19 survivors (3.19%, 95% CI: 1.62%–6.17%) and prolonged diarrhea was found in 34 of 1,073 survivors (4.12%, 95% CI: 1.07%–14.64%). A total of 156 patients among 2,238 COVID-19 survivors (4.41%, 95% CI: 1.91%–9.94%) complained of persistent decreased or loss of appetite. The cumulative prevalence of prolonged abdominal pain was 1.68% (95% CI: 0.84%–3.32%), whereas persistent dysgeusia was identified in 130 cases among 1,887 COVID-19 survivors (7.04%, 95% CI: 5.96%–8.30%). Data was insufficient to assess the relationship between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of all prolonged GI symptoms. Conclusion: Persistent GI symptoms among COVID-19 survivors after discharge or recovery raises a concern regarding the long-term impact of the COVID-19 infection on the quality of life of the survivors. Despite several potential explanations proposed, studies that aim to follow patients after recovery from COVID-19 and determine the pathogenesis of the prolonged symptoms of COVID-19 survivors are warranted. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021239187.

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“… 4 , 5 However, numerous other organs may also be impacted, 6 , 7 , 8 with numerous unknown consequences. 9 , 10 , 11 Furthermore, the COVID-19 Global cases database indicated that over 136 million confirmed COVID-19 cases had been reported as of April 12, 2021, resulting in 2,949,409 deaths. 12 The virus spreads quickly in through the world because of its high reproductive number R 0 , which is estimated to be 3.25 ≤ R0 ≤ 3.4, which means that one infected person can spread the virus to up to three unvaccinated people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical review

Frediansyah¹

2021

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

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Objective There is no specific antiviral treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the possible natural constituents is carrageenan, a polymer derived from marine algae that possesses a variety of antiviral properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting carrageenan subtypes' antiviral activity against the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches were conducted for publications using the terms ‘carrageenan’, ‘iota carrageenan’, ‘kappa carrageenan’, lambda-carrageenan’, 'coronavirus', ‘common cold’, 'rhinovirus', and ‘SARS-CoV-2′ search was also done in grey literature to increase our understanding. A search for the word “carrageenan” was also carried out. Most of the publications were discussed in narrative. Results Carrageenan has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against both coronaviruses (coronavirus NL63, SARS-CoV-2) and non-coronaviruses such as dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, sindbis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, rabies virus, junin virus, tacaribe virus, African swine fever, bovine herpes virus, suid herpes virus, and rhinovirus. No in vivo study has been conducted using carrageenan as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. The majority of the in vivo research was done on influenza, a respiratory virus that causes common cold together with coronavirus. Thus, various clinical trials were conducted to determine the transferability of these in vitro data to clinical effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. When combined with oral ivermectin, nasally administered iota-carrageenan improved outcome in COVID-19 patients. It is still being tested in clinics for single-dose administration. Conclusion Though the carrageenan exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was used to treat COVID-19 under emergency protocol in conjunction with oral medications such as ivermectin, there is no solid evidence from clinical trials to support its efficacy. Thus, clinical trials are required to assess its efficacy for COVID-19 treatment prior to broad application.

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Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 113 publications

References 282 publications

Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population

Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population

Global prevalence of prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 survivors and potential pathogenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical review

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