Angiogenesis-inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer

Abstract

Background Systemic cytostatic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly e ective. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on blood supply and blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). Therefore, inhibition of angiogenesis may represent a promising target for cancer therapy. Objectives To evaluate the benefits and risks of angiogenesis-inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer when given alone, or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland: a case report

“…Some studies suggests that FNA, a simple examination, can detect many metastatic thyroid tumors and identify the origin of some tumors. However, other literature indicates that FNA has a relatively high false-negative rate (up to 28.7%) for secondary thyroid carcinoma ( 17 , 18 ). If cytomorphological examination fails to confirm the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, or electron microscopy can be performed.…”

“…The pathological morphology is consistent with that of the primary tumor. TTF-1 and TG are mostly negative, while they express markers specific to the primary tumor ( 17 , 18 ). Identifying a primary carcinoma before surgery can help avoid unnecessary surgery.…”

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland: a case report

“…Some studies suggests that FNA, a simple examination, can detect many metastatic thyroid tumors and identify the origin of some tumors. However, other literature indicates that FNA has a relatively high false-negative rate (up to 28.7%) for secondary thyroid carcinoma ( 17 , 18 ). If cytomorphological examination fails to confirm the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, or electron microscopy can be performed.…”

“…The pathological morphology is consistent with that of the primary tumor. TTF-1 and TG are mostly negative, while they express markers specific to the primary tumor ( 17 , 18 ). Identifying a primary carcinoma before surgery can help avoid unnecessary surgery.…”

Impact of CD40 gene polymorphisms on the risk of cervical squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

“…Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is essential for the initiation of tumors, their growth, and metastasis [ 44 ]. The process of tumor-related angiogenesis is regulated by various pro-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which are the dominant regulators of the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new blood vessels [ 45 , 46 ]. The activation of CD40 can upregulate VEGF, IL-6, and other factors through MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and other signal transduction pathways and then promote tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and promoting the growth of vascular endothelial cells, so as to promote the occurrence and development of cervical cancer [ 44 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors and vascularization in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas with and without TSH receptor activating mutations

“…Many studies have reported the presence of endothelial cell proliferation in thyroid tumors being associated to increased expression of proangiogenic factors; therefore, identification of the profile of pro-angiogenic factors expressed and their relationship with other tumor biomarkers may help to provide novel and additional therapeutic targets. Indeed, many preclinical studies have been performed and clinical trials are in progress using novel small molecules provided with antiangiogenic activity [17][18][19].…”

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland: a case report

“…Some studies suggests that FNA, a simple examination, can detect many metastatic thyroid tumors and identify the origin of some tumors. However, other literature indicates that FNA has a relatively high false-negative rate (up to 28.7%) for secondary thyroid carcinoma ( 17 , 18 ). If cytomorphological examination fails to confirm the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, or electron microscopy can be performed.…”

“…The pathological morphology is consistent with that of the primary tumor. TTF-1 and TG are mostly negative, while they express markers specific to the primary tumor ( 17 , 18 ). Identifying a primary carcinoma before surgery can help avoid unnecessary surgery.…”

Impact of CD40 gene polymorphisms on the risk of cervical squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

“…Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is essential for the initiation of tumors, their growth, and metastasis [ 44 ]. The process of tumor-related angiogenesis is regulated by various pro-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which are the dominant regulators of the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new blood vessels [ 45 , 46 ]. The activation of CD40 can upregulate VEGF, IL-6, and other factors through MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and other signal transduction pathways and then promote tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and promoting the growth of vascular endothelial cells, so as to promote the occurrence and development of cervical cancer [ 44 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors and vascularization in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas with and without TSH receptor activating mutations

“…Many studies have reported the presence of endothelial cell proliferation in thyroid tumors being associated to increased expression of proangiogenic factors; therefore, identification of the profile of pro-angiogenic factors expressed and their relationship with other tumor biomarkers may help to provide novel and additional therapeutic targets. Indeed, many preclinical studies have been performed and clinical trials are in progress using novel small molecules provided with antiangiogenic activity [17][18][19].…”

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland: a case report

“…Some studies suggests that FNA, a simple examination, can detect many metastatic thyroid tumors and identify the origin of some tumors. However, other literature indicates that FNA has a relatively high false-negative rate (up to 28.7%) for secondary thyroid carcinoma ( 17 , 18 ). If cytomorphological examination fails to confirm the diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, or electron microscopy can be performed.…”

“…The pathological morphology is consistent with that of the primary tumor. TTF-1 and TG are mostly negative, while they express markers specific to the primary tumor ( 17 , 18 ). Identifying a primary carcinoma before surgery can help avoid unnecessary surgery.…”

Impact of CD40 gene polymorphisms on the risk of cervical squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

“…Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is essential for the initiation of tumors, their growth, and metastasis [ 44 ]. The process of tumor-related angiogenesis is regulated by various pro-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which are the dominant regulators of the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new blood vessels [ 45 , 46 ]. The activation of CD40 can upregulate VEGF, IL-6, and other factors through MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and other signal transduction pathways and then promote tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and promoting the growth of vascular endothelial cells, so as to promote the occurrence and development of cervical cancer [ 44 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors and vascularization in thyroid hyperfunctioning adenomas with and without TSH receptor activating mutations

“…Many studies have reported the presence of endothelial cell proliferation in thyroid tumors being associated to increased expression of proangiogenic factors; therefore, identification of the profile of pro-angiogenic factors expressed and their relationship with other tumor biomarkers may help to provide novel and additional therapeutic targets. Indeed, many preclinical studies have been performed and clinical trials are in progress using novel small molecules provided with antiangiogenic activity [17][18][19].…”