Androgens and the organization of sex differences in active avoidance behavior in the rat.

Scouten, Charles W.; Lk, Groteleuschen; Ww, Beatty

doi:10.1037/h0076184

Cited by 55 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These findings suggest that the presence of testosterone may modulate operant responding. Others have observed a modulatory effect of testosterone on passive avoidance (van Oyen et al, 1980) as well as indices of 'emotional' behavior (Toufexis et al, 2005(Toufexis et al, , 2006, although there are reports for no effect on active avoidance (Beatty and Beatty, 1970;Scouten et al, 1975). Nevertheless, the present findings dissociate the role of testosterone in learned helplessness behavior that appears as a consequence of exposure to repeated uncontrollable stress, from its role in escape/avoidance behavior.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Helplessnesscontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The sex differences in learned helplessness behavior reported here are likely affected by the fact that females learn to escape the shock much sooner than do males, even without any previous exposure to uncontrollable stress (unstressed animals, Figure 3), as reported for avoidance tasks (Beatty and Beatty, 1970;Heinsbroek et al, 1988Heinsbroek et al, , 1991Scouten et al, 1975;Steenbergen et al, 1990;van Haaren and van de Poll, 1984a, b). Thus, when females are confronted with the FR2 demands, they overcome the tendency to avoid the side of the box where they just got shocked.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Helplessnessmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Females do not Express Learned Helplessness like Males do

Dalla

Edgecomb

Whetstone

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

101

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Women are more likely than men to suffer from stress-related mental disorders, such as depression. In the present experiments, we identified sex differences in one of the most common animal models of depression, that of learned helplessness. Male and female rats were trained to escape a mild footshock each day for 7 days (controllable stress). Each rat was yoked to another rat that could not escape (uncontrollable stress), but was exposed to the same amount of shock. One day later, all stressed rats and unstressed controls were tested on a more difficult escape task in a different context. Most males exposed to uncontrollable stress did not learn to escape and were therefore helpless. In contrast, most females did learn to escape on the more difficult escape task, irrespective of whether they had been exposed to controllable or uncontrollable stress. The sex differences in helplessness behavior were not dependent on the presence of sex hormones in adulthood, because neither ovariectomy of females nor castration of males abolished them. The absence of helplessness in females was neither dependent on organizational effects of testosterone during the day of birth, because masculinized females did not express helplessness as adults. Thus, sex differences in helplessness behavior are independent of gonadal hormones in adulthood and testosterone exposure during perinatal development. Learned helplessness may not constitute a valid model for depressive behavior in women, at least as reflected by the response of female rats to operant conditioning procedures after stressful experience.

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Section: Sex Differences In Helplessnesscontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Sex Differences In Helplessnessmentioning

confidence: 56%

Females do not Express Learned Helplessness like Males do

Dalla

Edgecomb

Whetstone

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Gonadal hormones also appear to have organizational effects on open field behaviors in rodents (Beatty 1979). Castration before 30 days of age increases ambulation and rearing to female levels (Scouten et al 1975;Bengelloun et al 1976). Female rats injected with testosterone neonatally or at puberty exhibited less ambulation and rearing than oil treated females (Stevens and Goldstein 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Cocaine-Stimulated Motor Behavior Disparate Effects of Gonadectomy

Walker

Cabassa

Kaplan

et al. 2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

112

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Sex differences in biological substrates of drug use and addiction are poorly understood. The present study investigated sexual dimorphisms in motor behavior following acute cocaine administration (10, 20, or 40 mg/ kg, i.p Little is known about sex differences in biologic substrates of drug taking and addiction. However, an emerging literature documents that sex differences in the behavioral responses to addictive drugs exist in humans. A sex difference in human affective responses to cocaine has been reported in one study in which females reported more nervousness than males following intranasal cocaine (Kosten et al. 1996). Lukas and coworkers (1996) showed that cocaine induced similar cardiovascular and affective responses in men and women, although plasma concentrations of cocaine were lower in women. In a laboratory setting, cocaine cues induced more drug craving in female than male addicts (Robbins et al. 1999). These results suggest that women may be more sensitive to cocaine than men. In fact, women begin using cocaine and enter treatment at earlier ages than men (Griffin et al. 1989;Mendelson et al. 1991) and have more severe cocaine use at intake than men (Kosten et al. 1993). .). Cocaine increased stereotypy rating, horizontal and vertical activity in both sexes, and effects were always greater in females than males. A population analysis using data from multiple experiments indicated that horizontal activity scores were normally distributed in males butSex differences in spontaneous and drug-stimulated behavior have been carefully studied in animals. Probably the most robust sex difference in behavior is the observation that female rats exhibit more running wheel activity than males (for review see Beatty 1979). Female rats are also often reported to be more active than males in open-field situations (Beatty 1979). These sex differences in basal or non-stimulated behavior are likely related to the reported sex differences in open-field behavior following psychomotor stimulant administration (van Hartesveldt and Joyce 1986 25 , NO . 1 Sex Differences in Cocaine Effects 119 particularly well known for producing greater behavioral effects in female rats following acute administration (Schneider and Norton 1979;Savageau and Beatty 1981;Becker et al. 1982;Camp et al. 1986;Camp and Robinson 1988a). Acute cocaine administration has also been reported to induce greater behavioral effects in female rats (van Haaren and Meyer 1991;Haney et al. 1994;Bowman and Kuhn 1996) and in mice (Sershen et al. 1998). However, in other reports, sex differences in acute cocaine-stimulated motor behavior were not observed in naïve Sprague-Dawley rats (Craft and Stratman 1996) and in three other rat strains (Cailhol and Mormede 1999). Thus, better evidence of sex-differences in acute behavioral effects in intact animals exists for amphetamine than cocaine. Gonadal and especially ovarian hormones have been investigated as likely modulators of these sex differences in behavior. Ovarian hormone effects on stimulant respon...

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“…Results of early studies indicated that gonadectomy in adult male rats did not affect the acquisition of an activeavoidance task (Scouten et al 1975) but decreased response accuracy during acquisition of an operant delayed spatial-alternation task (Van Hest et al 1988) relative to gonadally intact controls. Other studies have examined the effects of exogenous androgen administered to gonadally intact males on tasks of learning and memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%