Ancient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Yapijakis, Christos

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2006.04.006

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This has been done for Treponema pallidum (syphilis agent), Yersinia pestis (plague agent) and others in human bones (Rafi et al, 1994;Baron et al, 1997;Mays et al, 2001Mays et al, , 2002Nerlich et al, 1997;Barnes and Thomas, 2006;Papagrigorakis et al, 2006). Above-mentioned method is limited in use and some findings could rise the controversies (Bouwman and Brown, 2005;Hunnis et al, 2007;Shapiro and Rambaut, 2006;Papagrigorakis et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral disease in excavated canine in Lower Silesia, Poland

Janeczek

Chrószcz

Henklewski

et al. 2015

International Journal of Paleopathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral disease in excavated canine in Lower Silesia, Poland

Janeczek

Chrószcz

Henklewski

et al. 2015

International Journal of Paleopathology

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“…94 The organism identified may have been an ancestral version of the modern strain. 95 According to Thucydides, the Athenians suspected that the THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE Peloponnesians deliberately poisoned the city's water supply, which led Papagrigorakis to suggest that spies introduced the pathogen.…”

Section: ''Primitive'' Warfarementioning

confidence: 99%

The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't

Carus

2015

Health Security

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This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. The first serious effort to review this entire history, made in 1969, had numerous limitations. In recent decades, several authors have filled many of the gaps in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), making it possible to reconstruct that history with greater fidelity than previously possible. Nevertheless, there are numerous remaining gaps, and closer inspection indicates that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated. Topics requiring additional research are identified.

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“…It is conjectured that Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which evolved from a common ancestor emerged about the time of the emergence of mammals, and emerges as mammalian and avian pathogens through the acquisition of pathogenicity islands and of a virulence plasmid plus through variation in lipopolysaccharide antigens (Wray and Wray, 2001). It is hypothesized that accumulation of single mutations, insertions or deletions with the genome of modern-time Salmonella appears to have generated many pseudo genes, suggesting its recent evolutionary origin (Papagrigorakis et al, 2007).…”

Section: Evolution Of Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella in Ethiopia: A review

Kemal¹,

Sibhat²,

Sissay³

et al. 2015

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Foods of animal origin have been consistently implicated in sporadic cases and outbreaks of salmonellosis, and are widely acknowledged to be a significant reservoir for Salmonella. The usage of growth promoting agents (GPAs) in food animal production is a major public health threat that can contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance bacteria. Extensive and improper use of antimicrobial drugs in food animal agriculture can also establish reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, significantly impacting public health. There are an increased number of reports on antibiotic resistance and multiple drug resistant salmonellosis in developing countries caused by both Salmonella typhi and non-typhoidal Salmonella species. In Ethiopoia, there have been studies conducted on salmonellosis which suggest an increase in the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella to commonly used antimicrobials in both public health and veterinary sectors. For example, 31.8% of Salmonella isolates from sheep and goat, 44.4% of isolates from camels, 52% isolates from cattle and 87.2% isolates from minced beef and chicken were resistant to one or more antimicrobials commonly used to treat both human and animal infections. High proportion of Salmonella isolates developed resistance to the commonly prescribed antimicrobials and this may be a considerable risk in the treatment of clinical case. Therefore, isolation of drug resistant Salmonella strains from a wide range of sources, from humans, food animals and animal food products underlines the need for judicious use of antimicrobial agents in both clinical practice and animal husbandry, as well as the need for cooperative and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs.

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Ancient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Vertebral disease in excavated canine in Lower Silesia, Poland

Vertebral disease in excavated canine in Lower Silesia, Poland

The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella in Ethiopia: A review

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