Anatomy of the Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus) with respect to tendon thickness measurements

Koivunen-Niemelä, T.; Parkkola, Kai

doi:10.1007/bf01795061

Cited by 99 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…20 Our study confirms previous studies by showing that the tendon decreases in antero-posterior diameter and widens at the calcaneal insertion in normal subjects 21 and that there is significant positive correlation between tendon thickness and body height. 22 Compared with a study by Ying et al 13 that was also performed on Chinese subjects, the mean antero-posterior diameter in our study is lower, and the difference shows statistical significance (p 5 0.05). In the study by Ying et al, tendon thickness at the level of the medial malleolus was 5.23 6 0.45 mm.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Sonography of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A case–control study

Leung

Griffith

2007

J of Clinical Ultrasound

106

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Purpose. To describe the sonographic appearance of Achilles tendon in normal subjects and patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy with the aim of establishing diagnostic sonographic criteria for Achilles tendinopathy.Methods. A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control sonographic study of the Achilles tendon was undertaken. Thirty tendons in 21 patients and 100 tendons in 50 control subjects were selected. Sonographic assessment included tendon thickness, echogenicity, fibrillar pattern, and presence of calcifications. Power Doppler imaging was used to assess tendon vascularity. Paratendinous structures and plantar fascia were also examined.Results. Tendinopathic tendons were larger than normal tendons in both cross-sectional area and anteroposterior diameter. Hypoechoic areas within the tendon were more commonly seen in patients. Disruption of fibrillar pattern, increase in tendon vascularity, increased Kager's fat pad echogenicity, and paratenon thickening were solely seen in patients. Fluid in the retrocalcaneal bursa and calcaneal bony abnormalities were seen in both groups without a significant difference.Conclusion. Achilles tendinopathy results in enlargement, particularly of the mid-and distal portions of the tendon, disruption of fibrillar pattern, and increase in tendon vascularity. Additional signs are increased Kager's fat pad echogenicity and paratenon thickening. Tendon calcification, changes in retrocalcaneal bursae, and calcaneal contour are not specific for Achilles tendinopathy.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Sonography of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A case–control study

Leung

Griffith

2007

J of Clinical Ultrasound

106

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“…Interestingly, it was observed that ethnic factors affected Achilles tendon size, so this study will provide information specific for Turkish population. [2] In this study, we have used ultrasonography for measurements. Magnetic resonance imaging can give more detailed results; [11] but, US imaging has advantages in being non-invasive, cheap, safe (no radiation danger), quick and easily available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2] Tendons, as connective tissues, transfer the force produced by muscles to bones. [3] Achilles tendon may carry up to 110 MPa during running, [4] playing a very important role in lower limb biomechanics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of physical characteristics, exercise and smoking on morphometry of human Achilles tendon: an ultrasound study

Canbolat¹,

Özbağ²,

Özdemir³

et al. 2015

Anatomy

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to reveal the normal morphometric values of Achilles tendon using ultrasound (US) imaging in subjects of different gender, age groups, smoking status, and physical exercise habits. Methods:A total of 342 Achilles tendons were examined in the 171 volunteers (69 females, 102 males) with different age, gender, weight, height, smoking and physical exercise habits. Achilles tendon width, length, thickness, cross-sectional area and length were measured using a commercial ultrasound machine with a 9-15 mHz linear-array transducer. Results:The average width, thickness, cross-sectional area and length of the Achilles tendon in male subjects were significantly higher than females. Tendon width, thickness, cross-sectional area and length showed no significant difference between the right and left side. With the exception of the left Achilles tendon thickness, measurements taken for non-smoking subjects were larger than smokers. Achilles tendon measurements of subjects engaged in sportive activities were significantly larger than those with sedentary lifestyle Weight and body mass index were the only anthropometric measurements in correlation with Achilles tendon size. Conclusion:Achilles tendon size varies with age, gender, physical activity and smoking habits. The measurements presented in this study give normal variations of the tendon's morphologic characteristics, which will be of use in clinical diagnosis.

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“…Harris & Peduto in their studies, intended to create an archive by radiologically imaging the normal and diseased achilles tendons. Additionally, in a number of conducted studies, the researchers aimed at finding the thickness of achilles and patella tendons through the ultrasonographic method (Fredberg et al, 2008;Kallinen & Suominen, 1994;Koivunen-Niemelä & Parkkola, 1995). Chao et al (1997) researched into the termination positions of the achilles tendons anatomically in fresh cadavers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Structure and Morphologic Development of Calcaneal Tendon and Triceps Surae Muscle in Human Fetuses during the Fetal Period and the Evaluation of Clinical Importance of Calcaneal Tendon

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY: It was aimed that the morphometric development of calcaneal tendon and the structures building it up in human fetuses during the fetal period be anatomically studied and that its clinical importance be evaluated. The study comprised a total of 102 fetus legs (51 human fetuses: 26 male and 25 female) whose ages varied between 15-40 gestational week, without external pathology or anomaly. The fetuses were divided in groups according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. In the wake of the general external measurements of fetuses, leg dissection was performed. Afterwards, the morphometric parameters of gastrocnemius muscle, soleus muscle and calcaneal tendon were measured. The averages and the standard deviations of the measured parameters were determined according to gestational weeks, trimesters and months. There was a significant correlation between the measured parameters and the gestational age (p<0.001). There was no difference between sexes in terms of parameters (p>0.005). All the obtained results were discussed by making a comparison between them and the previous studies made. We are of the opinion that the data obtained in our study will be of use to the involved clinicians in the evaluation of the development of calcaneal tendon and the structures constituting it during the fetal period and in clinical studies and applications as well.

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Anatomy of the Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus) with respect to tendon thickness measurements

Cited by 99 publications

References 14 publications

Sonography of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A case–control study

Sonography of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A case–control study

Effects of physical characteristics, exercise and smoking on morphometry of human Achilles tendon: an ultrasound study

A Study on the Structure and Morphologic Development of Calcaneal Tendon and Triceps Surae Muscle in Human Fetuses during the Fetal Period and the Evaluation of Clinical Importance of Calcaneal Tendon

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