Anatomy and physiology of the clitoris, vestibular bulbs, and labia minora with a review of the female orgasm and the prevention of female sexual dysfunction

Abstract

This review, with 21 figures and 1 video, aims to clarify some important aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the female erectile organs (triggers of orgasm), which are important for the prevention of female sexual dysfunction. The clitoris is the homologue of the male's glans and corpora cavernosa, and erection is reached in three phases: latent, turgid, and rigid. The vestibular bulbs cause "vaginal" orgasmic contractions, through the rhythmic contraction of the bulbocavernosus muscles. Because of the engorgement with blood during sexual arousal, the labia minora become turgid, doubling or tripling in thickness. The corpus spongiosum of the female urethra becomes congested during sexual arousal; therefore, male erection equals erection of the female erectile organs. The correct anatomical term to describe the erectile tissues responsible for female orgasm is the female penis. Vaginal orgasm and the G-spot do not exist. These claims are found in numerous articles that have been written by Addiego F, Whipple B, Jannini E, Buisson O, O'Connell H, Brody S, Ostrzenski A, and others, have no scientific basis. Orgasm is an intense sensation of pleasure achieved by stimulation of erogenous zones. Women do not have a refractory period after each orgasm and can, therefore, experience multiple orgasms. Clitoral sexual response and the female orgasm are not affected by aging. Sexologists should define having sex/love making when orgasm occurs for both partners with or without vaginal intercourse.

Adrenal cavernous hemangioma associated with myelolipomatous metaplasia

“…2 In contrast, myelolipomas associated with other adrenal pathological conditions, such as cortical adenoma, cortical carcinoma and pseudocysts, have occasionally been observed. 3,4 The development of myelolipomatous tissue in the adrenal gland might be explained by the mediation of locally elevated adrenocortical hormone levels as a result of changes in the bloodstream or extensive degeneration of the tumor. 3,4 Although the exact evidence could not be shown in the present case, the hemorrhage in the hemangioma might have promoted the conditions in the cortex that led to the formation of the myelolipomatous lesion.…”

“…3,4 The development of myelolipomatous tissue in the adrenal gland might be explained by the mediation of locally elevated adrenocortical hormone levels as a result of changes in the bloodstream or extensive degeneration of the tumor. 3,4 Although the exact evidence could not be shown in the present case, the hemorrhage in the hemangioma might have promoted the conditions in the cortex that led to the formation of the myelolipomatous lesion. Male vagina is a more accurate term than prostatic utricle Furuya et al stated "the prostatic utricle dilates in cases less exposed to male hormones during fetal development".…”

“…The prostatic utricle and the female vagina develop from the sinovaginal bulb that grows from the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus to the level of the Mullerian tubercle, without the contribution of the Mullerian ducts. 3,4 The prostate utricle is the homologue of the female vagina, but male vagina is a more accurate term than prostatic utricle. …”

“…In recent years, they have reported that 2-D geometrical complexity in non-tumoral prostate tissues is significantly higher than that in low-risk prostate cancer. 4 This finding is worthy of attention to discuss the appropriate method in evaluation of angiogenic status in tissues. However, although they established the quantitative evaluation by using anti-CD31 antibody in 2005, 3 the relationships between vascular surface fractal dimension and clinicopathological features in prostate cancer tissues were analyzed by using anti-CD34 antibody.…”

“…However, although they established the quantitative evaluation by using anti-CD31 antibody in 2005, 3 the relationships between vascular surface fractal dimension and clinicopathological features in prostate cancer tissues were analyzed by using anti-CD34 antibody. 4 We previously reported that anti-CD31 and anti-CD34 have different characteristics to reflect the angiogenic status in human tissues of cancers, including prostate cancer. 5,6 Thus, even if new evaluation tools are developed, the uniformity of methods to detect cancer-related neovascularity is a problem that we still have to face.…”