Anatomy and Physiology of Retina and Posterior Segment of the Eye

Arslan, Orhan E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95807-1_1

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…The posterior segment is formed by three main layers, the sclera, choroids and retina, all around the vitreous cavity, containing the vitreous humor (Figure 2). Penetration of drugs or other foreign substances into the posterior segment is restricted by the BRB, located between the choroid and the retina [19].…”

Section: Anatomy Of the Posterior Segmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sclera is a strong external coat formed by connective tissue (such as collagen, elastic fibers or fibroblasts). The sclera maintains the shape of the eye, contributes to the preservation of intraocular pressure (IOP), provides points of attachment for extraocular muscles and has a protective function [19,20].…”

Section: Scleramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The choroid is a vascular and innervated layer which nourishes the posterior eye. It is formed by fenestrated capillaries and supported by Brunch's membrane, which is the basement membrane of the RPE and regulates the exchange of metabolites and nutrients between the choroid and the RPE [19,20]. Lipophilic substances can permeate across the choroid and present poor permeability to proteins and small hydrophilic compounds.…”

Section: Choroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It contributes to maintenance of the ocular structure and is involved in nutrient transport. When a drug arrives to the vitreous humor, it can move through diffusion because the vitreous does not offer diffusional resistance to movement of small and anionic particles, or it can move through convection in elder population due to the fact that the vitreous becomes more liquid with ageing [18][19][20].…”

Section: Vitreous Humormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inner barrier lines the retinal vasculature and protects the retina from foreign substances in the blood circulation. Both are formed by tight junctions, which form a selective obstacle that restricts penetration of molecules into the intraocular chamber [10,19,20].…”

Section: Blood Retinal Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipid Nanoparticles for the Posterior Eye Segment

et al. 2021

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This review highlights the application of lipid nanoparticles (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers, or Lipid Drug Conjugates) as effective drug carriers for pathologies affecting the posterior ocular segment. Eye anatomy and the most relevant diseases affecting the posterior segment will be summarized. Moreover, preparation methods and different types and subtypes of lipid nanoparticles will also be reviewed. Lipid nanoparticles used as carriers to deliver drugs to the posterior eye segment as well as their administration routes, pharmaceutical forms and ocular distribution will be discussed emphasizing the different targeting strategies most recently employed for ocular drug delivery.

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Section: Anatomy Of the Posterior Segmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scleramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Choroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vitreous Humormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blood Retinal Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipid Nanoparticles for the Posterior Eye Segment

et al. 2021

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Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy

Tawfik

Chen

Goldberg

et al. 2022

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol

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Blindness affects more than 60 million people worldwide. Retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma, are the leading causes of blindness. Finding means to optimize local and sustained delivery of drugs or genes to the eye and retina is one goal to advance the development of new therapeutics. Despite the ease of accessibility of delivering drugs via the ocular surface, the delivery of drugs to the retina is still challenging due to anatomic and physiologic barriers. Designing a suitable delivery platform to overcome these barriers should enhance drug bioavailability and provide a safe, controlled, and sustained release. Current inventions for posterior segment treatments include intravitreal implants and subretinal viral gene delivery that satisfy these criteria. Several other novel drug delivery technologies, including nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, microneedles, liposomes, and nanowires, are now being widely studied for posterior segment drug delivery, and extensive research on gene delivery using siRNA, mRNA, or aptamers is also on the rise. This review discusses the current state of retinal drug/gene delivery and highlights future therapeutic opportunities.

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Anatomy and Physiology of Retina and Posterior Segment of the Eye

Cited by 2 publications

References 134 publications

Lipid Nanoparticles for the Posterior Eye Segment

Lipid Nanoparticles for the Posterior Eye Segment

Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy

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