Anatomical Partitioning of Three Human Forearm Muscles

Segal, Richard; Catlin, Pamela A.; Krauss, Elizabeth W.; Merick, Katherine A.; Robilotto, Jessica B.

doi:10.1159/000046191

Cited by 39 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A study by Lim et al (1999) has showed that based on intramuscular innervation and vascular supply, FCU can be divided into humeral and an ulnar compartments, each with its own primary nerve branch. A similar report was given by Segal et al (2002) where they reported that, the nerve to the flexor carpi ulnaris clearly innervates two architectural partitions within the muscle. The innervation pattern to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is mathcing with muscle fiber architecture characteristics indicating consistent anatomical partitioning within the muscle.…”

Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 69%

Ulnar and Humeral Heads Forming Separate Bellies: A Rare Case of Digastric Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

Bhat

Venkataramana

et al. 2009

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY:Proper knowledge of muscular variations is essential for both anatomists and surgeons. Variations of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) are not very common. We are reporting an unusual case of FCU muscle with two bellies. The two heads (ulnar and humeral) of the muscle continued as two separate bellies and the tendons of which joined each other slightly proximal to the wrist before getting inserted to pisiform bone. Further, detailed literature review of variations of FCU muscle is done and the developmental basis for the variation and its surgical importance are discussed.

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Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 69%

Ulnar and Humeral Heads Forming Separate Bellies: A Rare Case of Digastric Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

Bhat

Venkataramana

et al. 2009

Int. J. Morphol.

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“…Anatomically, the innervation of some regions within the muscle is variable, with 2 primary nerve branches innervating a number of regions (Bhadra et al 1999;Segal et al 2002;Sunderland 1945). Distinct fascicular boundaries between muscle fibers inserting onto each of the 4 tendons are also difficult to identify.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Functional Organization Of The Human And Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, studies of MU physiology have excluded data from recording sites where MUs were active during movement of more than one finger, potentially confining the data to highly selective regions of the muscle (Kilbreath and Gandevia 1994;Kilbreath et al 2002). Fourth, and finally, recent anatomical studies suggest that although the human FDP has some features of a subdivided muscle, it does not contain 4 distinct anatomical compartments (Bhadra et al 1999;Segal et al 2002). Taken together, these considerations raise the possibility that FDP might not be organized into 4 completely separate functional subdivisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Incomplete Functional Subdivision of the Human Multitendoned Finger Muscle Flexor Digitorum Profundus: An Electromyographic Study

Reilly

Schieber

2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Reilly, Karen T. and Marc H. Schieber. Incomplete functional subdivision of the human multitendoned finger muscle flexor digitorum profundus: an electromyographic study. J Neurophysiol 90: 2560 -2570, 2003. First published June 18, 2003 10.1152/jn.00287.2003. The human flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) sends tendons to all 4 fingers. One might assume that this multitendoned muscle consists of 4 discrete neuromuscular compartments each acting on a different finger, but recent anatomical and physiological studies raise the possibility that the human FDP is incompletely subdivided. To investigate the functional organization of the human FDP, we recorded electromyographic (EMG) activity by bipolar fine-wire electrodes simultaneously from 2 or 4 separate intramuscular sites as normal human subjects performed isometric, individuated flexion, and extension of each left-hand digit. Some recordings showed EMG activity during flexion of only one of the 4 fingers, indicating that the human FDP has highly selective core regions that act on single fingers. The majority of recordings, however, showed a large amount of EMG activity during flexion of one finger and lower levels of EMG activity during flexion of an adjacent finger. This lesser EMG activity during flexion of adjacent fingers was unlikely to have resulted from recording motor units in neighboring neuromuscular compartments, and instead suggests incomplete functional subdivision of the human FDP. In addition to the greatest agonist EMG activity during flexion of a given finger, most recordings also showed EMG activity during extension of adjacent fingers, apparently serving to stabilize the given finger against unwanted extension. Paradoxically, the functional organization of the human FDP-with both incomplete functional subdivision and highly selective core regions-may contribute simultaneously to the inability of humans to produce completely independent finger movements, and to the greater ability of humans (compared with macaques) to individuate finger movements.

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“…Pertinent to this concept is that these segments have unique anatomical or fascicular arrangement (Segal et al, 2002;Wickham and Brown, 1998;Woodley and Mercer, 2005). Anatomical studies, texts and reviews have described three uniquely oriented segments within gluteus medius (GMed) (Al-Hayani, 2009;Flack et al, 2011;Gottschalk et al, 1989;Palastanga et al, 1989) and two within gluteus minimus (GMin) (Al-Hayani, 2009;Beck et al, 2000;Flack et al, 2011;Standring et al, 2005), supporting previous notions of functional differentiation within these muscles (Beck et al, 2000;Gottschalk et al, 1989;Grimaldi et al, 2009b;Soderberg and Dostal, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of a standardized method for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius

et al. 2012

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ABSTRACT.Guidelines for assessing the function of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius with electromyography (EMG) traditionally offer one electrode placement site per muscle.However, anatomical studies suggest that there are two uniquely oriented segments within gluteus minimus (anterior and posterior), and three within gluteus medius (anterior, middle and posterior) with potential for independent function. Assessment of these muscles with one electrode may therefore provide only a limited account of their role. Thus, the aim of this cadaveric study was to verify guidelines for placing intramuscular electrodes into two uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus, and three segments of gluteus medius. The guidelines were developed with reference to anatomical reports, cadaveric observation and real-time ultrasound imaging in-vivo. Five cadaveric gluteal regions were marked for intramuscular electrode insertions based on these guidelines. Intramuscular electrodes were inserted into the marked regions of gluteus minimus (x2) and gluteus medius (x3) with the aid of a 15 cm biopsy needle. Systematic dissection revealed that electrodes were successfully inserted into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and medius. The orientation of fascicles surrounding each electrode was also consistent with segmental descriptions in past anatomical research. The findings of this research suggest that the guidelines described may be used to assess the functional role of segments within gluteus minimus and medius in health and dysfunction using EMG. Finally, electromyographers intent on investigating the role of posterior gluteus minimus must be cautious of the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle.

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Anatomical Partitioning of Three Human Forearm Muscles

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Ulnar and Humeral Heads Forming Separate Bellies: A Rare Case of Digastric Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

Ulnar and Humeral Heads Forming Separate Bellies: A Rare Case of Digastric Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

Incomplete Functional Subdivision of the Human Multitendoned Finger Muscle Flexor Digitorum Profundus: An Electromyographic Study

Verification of a standardized method for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius

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