Anatomical dimensions of trachea, main bronchi, subcarinal and bronchial angles in fetuses measured <i>ex vivo</i>

Harjeet,; Sahni, Daisy; Batra, Yatindra Kumar; Rajeev, Subramanyam

doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02775.x

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In this anatomical study, digital image analysis (NIS-Elements BR 3.0) was used for measuring tracheal morphometric parameters in fetuses at the age of 14–25 weeks. No significant male–female differences for any of tracheal parameters were found in our sample, in keeping with the findings of some authors [1, 8, 14, 16] in relation to length and external diameters of the trachea. Conversely, significant sex differences in those tracheal measurements, being greater in males, were found in children [17], adolescents [7], and adults [12, 18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Our numerical data are consistent with results obtained by Harjeet et al [8]. In the three groups of fetuses aged 13–18, 19–24, and 25–31 weeks, the values of proximal transverse diameter were 3.26 ± 0.68 mm, 4.42 ± 0.64 mm, and 5.35 ± 0.42 mm, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Reference intervals for both prebifurcation and bifurcation lengths were constructed as follows: from 8.14 ± 1.90 to 20.77 ± 0.50 mm and from 2.23 ± 0.25 to 5.77 ± 0.76 mm. According to Harjeet et al [8], the tracheal length (related to prebifurcation length) was 12.72 ± 2.50 mm in fetuses with a crown-to-rump length (CRL) of 61–130 mm, 17.48 ± 2.89 mm in fetuses with a CRL of 131–200 mm, and 24.17 ± 2.30 mm in fetuses with a CRL of 201–270 mm. It is noteworthy, that the three groups of fetuses were related to ages of 13–18 weeks, 19–24 weeks, and 25–31 weeks, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracheal dimensions in human fetuses: an anatomical, digital and statistical study

et al. 2011

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PurposeRapid advances in perinatal medicine have resulted in increased number of various tracheo-bronchial interventions on fetal and neonatal airways. The present study was performed to compile normative data for external dimensions of the trachea at varying gestational age.Materials and methodsUsing anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS-Elements BR 3.0) and statistical analysis (ANOVA, regression analysis), a range of measurements (prebifurcation and bifurcation lengths, proximal and distal external transverse diameters, proximal external cross-sectional area, and external volume) for the trachea in 73 spontaneously aborted fetuses (39 male, 34 female) aged 14–25 weeks was examined.ResultsNo significant male–female differences were found (P > 0.05). The prebifurcation and bifurcation lengths ranged from 8.14 ± 1.90 to 20.77 ± 0.50 mm and from 2.23 ± 0.25 to 5.77 ± 0.76 mm, according to the functions y = −54.291 + 23.940 × ln (Age) ± 1.681 (R2 = 0.78) and y = −10.756 + 4.860 × ln (Age) ± 0.731 (R2 = 0.44), respectively. Their relative growth, expressed as the bifurcation-to-prebifurcation length ratio, was stable from the age of 16 weeks and attained the value 0.22 ± 0.05. The proximal external transverse diameter of the trachea was greater (36 fetuses, 49.3%), smaller (34 fetuses, 46.6%) or similar (3 fetuses, 4.1%), when compared to the distal external transverse diameter. The values for proximal and distal transverse diameters ranged from 2.39 ± 0.04 to 5.20 ± 0.17 mm and from 2.42 ± 0.20 to 4.93 ± 0.08 mm, expressed by the functions: y = −9.659 + 4.574 × ln (Age) ± 0.313 (R2 = 0.79) and y = −10.897 + 4.984 × ln (Age) ± 0.327 (R2 = 0.81). The values of proximal external cross-sectional area ranged from 3.38 ± 0.12 to 15.98 ± 1.04 mm2, according to the linear function y = −11.798 + 1.077 × Age ± 1.463 (R2 = 0.78). The values of external volume of the trachea ranged from 34.3 ± 11.6 to 370.6 ± 94.1 mm3 and generated the quadratic function y = −154.589 + 0.858 × Age2 ± 34.196 (R2 = 0.87).ConclusionsThe tracheal parameters do not show male–female differences. The developmental dynamics of prebifurcation and bifurcation lengths and proximal and distal external transverse diameters of the trachea follow linear functions dependent on the natural logarithm of fetal age, its external cross-sectional area—according to a linear function, and its external volume—according to a quadratic function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracheal dimensions in human fetuses: an anatomical, digital and statistical study

et al. 2011

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“…After reviewing the professional literature on tracheal measurements in fetuses [6,8,12,13,23,24], we found little information about length and diameter of the growing trachea. In keeping with other reports [12,23–25], a lack of statistically significant sex differences for the parameters of the fetal trachea was found in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New quantitative patterns of the growing trachea in human fetuses

et al. 2012

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SummaryBackgroundRapid progress in perinatal medicine has resulted in numerous tracheo-bronchial interventions on fetal and neonatal airways. The present study was performed to compile normative data for tracheal dimensions at varying gestational ages.Material/MethodsUsing anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS-Elements BR 3.0) and statistical analysis (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Bonferroni test, linear and nonlinear regression analysis) a range of the 4 variables (length in mm, middle external transverse diameter in mm, proximal internal cross-sectional area in mm2, internal volume in mm3) for the trachea in 73 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (39 male, 34 female) aged 14–25 weeks was examined.ResultsNo significant male-female differences were found (P>0.05). The length ranged from 10.37±2.15 to 26.54±0.26 mm as y=−65.098 + 28.796 × ln (Age) ±1.794 (R2=0.82). The middle external transverse diameter varied from 2.53±0.09 to 5.09±0.42 mm with the model y=−11.020 + 5.049 × ln (Age) ±0.330 (R2=0.81). The trachea indicated a proportional evolution because the middle external transverse diameter-to-length ratio was stable (0.23±0.03). The proximal internal cross-sectional area rose from 1.46±0.04 to 5.76±1.04 mm2 as y=−3.562 + 0.352 × Age ±0.519 (R2=0.76). The internal volumetric growth from 11.89±2.49 to 119.63±4.95 mm3 generated the function y=−135.248 + 9.919 × Age ±10.478 (R2=0.86).ConclusionsThe growth in both length and middle external transverse diameter of the trachea follows logarithmic functions, whereas growth of both its proximal internal cross-sectional area and internal volume follow linear functions. The length and middle external transverse diameter of the trachea develop proportionally to each other. The tracheal dimensions may be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis and monitoring of tracheal malformations and obstructive anomalies of the upper respiratory tract.

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“…The lengths and diameters have a lot of endoscopic importance and studied by many authors (Hannallah, Romanes GJ, Sahni D, Harjeet, Gray H, Hampton T, Horsefield K, Cumming H et al). [3][4][5][6][7][8] According to Gray H the average length of right main bronchus -2.2cm and that of left -5cm. 6 The present study supports the above statement as the average length was as more than ½ of specimens fall under this range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on anatomical dimensions of bronchial tree

2016

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Anatomical dimensions of trachea, main bronchi, subcarinal and bronchial angles in fetuses measured ex vivo

Abstract: The internal transverse, outer transverse and antero-posterior diameters, length of trachea and bronchi and circumference of trachea, relate in a linear fashion to CRL and age. However, subcarinal and bronchial angles remained constant.

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Tracheal dimensions in human fetuses: an anatomical, digital and statistical study

Tracheal dimensions in human fetuses: an anatomical, digital and statistical study

New quantitative patterns of the growing trachea in human fetuses

A study on anatomical dimensions of bronchial tree

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