Anatomical and Histological Analysis of a Complex Structure Too Long Considered a Simple Ligament: The Filum Terminale

Morphological analysis of the filum terminale and detailed description of the distal filum terminale externum: a cadaveric study

“…Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters. We identified strong correlations between FTI-D1 and all the other FTI diameters and but no between FTE diameters except for proximal and middle FTE diameters; therefore, the first segment of the FTI can be used to predict the width of other FTI diameters.…”

“…Consistent with the results of other studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ), we failed to identify any significant correlation between FTE lengths and DS levels. Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters.…”

“…Our morphometric and descriptive data align with some of the findings from prior studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Hansasuta et al, 1999 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ; Pokanan et al, 2020 ). Although the CM tends to be at L1, discrepancies and variations exist in its specific localization.…”

Morphological analysis of the filum terminale and detailed description of the distal filum terminale externum: a cadaveric study

“…Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters. We identified strong correlations between FTI-D1 and all the other FTI diameters and but no between FTE diameters except for proximal and middle FTE diameters; therefore, the first segment of the FTI can be used to predict the width of other FTI diameters.…”

“…Consistent with the results of other studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ), we failed to identify any significant correlation between FTE lengths and DS levels. Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters.…”

“…Our morphometric and descriptive data align with some of the findings from prior studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Hansasuta et al, 1999 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ; Pokanan et al, 2020 ). Although the CM tends to be at L1, discrepancies and variations exist in its specific localization.…”

Anatomical and histological characterization of the filum terminale in dogs

“…The presence of myelinated nerve fibers observed in human specimens was also evident in our canine tissue. Picart et al ( 34 ) described axons and ependymal cells in the human FT with a proximal-to-distal gradient, which aligns with our observation of progressively diminishing neural elements as the canine FT extended caudally. These cross-species comparisons highlight conserved interspecies features, further supporting its functional significance beyond a simple fibrous anchor.…”

Morphometric Analysis of the Filum Terminale and Conus Medullaris: A Cadaveric Study

“…Regarding the position of the FTI within the DS, the present study demonstrated 100% midline insertion. This finding aligns with that of Pokanan et al (100%) [ 6 ] but differs from those of Hansasuta et al (88.9% midline) [ 7 ] and Picart et al (80% midline) [ 1 ]. Buloz-Osorio et al [ 10 ] reported only 47.5% midline positioning, suggesting population or methodological variability (Table 6 ).…”

Morphological analysis of the filum terminale and detailed description of the distal filum terminale externum: a cadaveric study

“…Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters. We identified strong correlations between FTI-D1 and all the other FTI diameters and but no between FTE diameters except for proximal and middle FTE diameters; therefore, the first segment of the FTI can be used to predict the width of other FTI diameters.…”

“…Consistent with the results of other studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ), we failed to identify any significant correlation between FTE lengths and DS levels. Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters.…”

“…Our morphometric and descriptive data align with some of the findings from prior studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Hansasuta et al, 1999 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ; Pokanan et al, 2020 ). Although the CM tends to be at L1, discrepancies and variations exist in its specific localization.…”

Anatomical and histological characterization of the filum terminale in dogs

“…The presence of myelinated nerve fibers observed in human specimens was also evident in our canine tissue. Picart et al ( 34 ) described axons and ependymal cells in the human FT with a proximal-to-distal gradient, which aligns with our observation of progressively diminishing neural elements as the canine FT extended caudally. These cross-species comparisons highlight conserved interspecies features, further supporting its functional significance beyond a simple fibrous anchor.…”

Morphometric Analysis of the Filum Terminale and Conus Medullaris: A Cadaveric Study

“…Regarding the position of the FTI within the DS, the present study demonstrated 100% midline insertion. This finding aligns with that of Pokanan et al (100%) [ 6 ] but differs from those of Hansasuta et al (88.9% midline) [ 7 ] and Picart et al (80% midline) [ 1 ]. Buloz-Osorio et al [ 10 ] reported only 47.5% midline positioning, suggesting population or methodological variability (Table 6 ).…”

Morphological analysis of the filum terminale and detailed description of the distal filum terminale externum: a cadaveric study

“…Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters. We identified strong correlations between FTI-D1 and all the other FTI diameters and but no between FTE diameters except for proximal and middle FTE diameters; therefore, the first segment of the FTI can be used to predict the width of other FTI diameters.…”

“…Consistent with the results of other studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ), we failed to identify any significant correlation between FTE lengths and DS levels. Our results yielded similar conclusions to previous studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Picart et al, 2019 ), as we discovered no correlation between FTI lengths and FTE lengths. Several authors ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ) have reported similar values to our study for all FTI diameters.…”

“…Our morphometric and descriptive data align with some of the findings from prior studies ( De Vloo et al, 2016 ; Hansasuta et al, 1999 ; Nasr et al, 2018 ; Picart et al, 2019 ; Pinto et al, 2002 ; Pokanan et al, 2020 ). Although the CM tends to be at L1, discrepancies and variations exist in its specific localization.…”

Anatomical and histological characterization of the filum terminale in dogs

“…The presence of myelinated nerve fibers observed in human specimens was also evident in our canine tissue. Picart et al ( 34 ) described axons and ependymal cells in the human FT with a proximal-to-distal gradient, which aligns with our observation of progressively diminishing neural elements as the canine FT extended caudally. These cross-species comparisons highlight conserved interspecies features, further supporting its functional significance beyond a simple fibrous anchor.…”

Morphometric Analysis of the Filum Terminale and Conus Medullaris: A Cadaveric Study

“…Regarding the position of the FTI within the DS, the present study demonstrated 100% midline insertion. This finding aligns with that of Pokanan et al (100%) [ 6 ] but differs from those of Hansasuta et al (88.9% midline) [ 7 ] and Picart et al (80% midline) [ 1 ]. Buloz-Osorio et al [ 10 ] reported only 47.5% midline positioning, suggesting population or methodological variability (Table 6 ).…”