Analytical techniques used for the evaluation of a 19th century quranic manuscript conditions

Abdel-Maksoud, Gomaa

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2011.06.017

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One indicator of deterioration can be discoloration or staining of the surface [1][2][3]. Among these paper discoloration processes is foxing, which has been actively researched since the 1930s.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Relvas

Nunes

Figueira³

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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Deterioration of graphical documents can occur naturally as a result of aging, but it can be accelerated by poor manufacturing constituents or conditions. One indicator of deterioration can be discoloration or staining of the surface [1][2][3]. Among these paper discoloration processes is foxing, which has been actively researched since the 1930s. Our attention herein is focused on trying to elucidate its causes and to establish protocols for detection, prevention and treatment. This foxing phenomenon occurs in the form of small isolated patches of discoloration that are typically rust, brown or yellowish toned and limited in size, with sharp or jagged edges; it is often punctiform and sometimes circular [4]. A long discussion about the origin of foxing has been undertaken, being the major causes attributed to fungal activity or to chemical origin. In fact, sometimes biological attack is the only factor observed, while in others metal-induced degradation is present and interaction between both factors can also be found [5]. During the last few decades, different analytical techniques have been used for the study of the foxing processes; nevertheless there is still much to be done [4,5]. Four different foxed papers from the XX century, labelled P1, P2, P3 and P7, were studied. Characterization of paper samples and morphological aspects of foxing was undertaken by analytical techniques and imaging: photography and macro-photography under standard light, UV/Vis fluorescence light and raking light; light microscopy; variable pressure scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM/EDS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). Biological colonization was also studied in order to evaluate the influence of microorganisms in foxing. Photographic imaging allowed to evaluate the natural colours of paper samples and their state of degradation, namely, the presence of dirt, foxing stains, wear, and others (Table 1). The foxing stains of P3 sample were the only ones to exhibit fluorescence under UV light. Morphological aspects of the foxing stains were observed by SEM/EDS operating in variable pressure conditions (pressure of 20 Pa in the chamber). Two different typologies were devised. In samples P1, P2 and P3, fibre disruption was observed in the foxed areas (Figure 1), when compared with the non-affected areas of those samples. As to sample P7, a localized accumulation of particles was observed in the foxed areas, which were confirmed to be a calcium salt due to Ca detection by EDS analysis. Different fillers used in paper production were also estimated through EDS. ATR-FT-IR complemented the study and was particularly adequate to evaluate the existence of biotic attack in the foxed areas of all the papers. ATR-FT-IR was also able to supply information about the fillers and the FT-IR bands related to cellulose suggesting alterations of the cellulose structure in the foxed areas (Figure 2). Fungi belonging to the main genera Penicillium sp. were iso...

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confidence: 99%

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Relvas

Nunes

Figueira³

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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“…While it has been suggested that vegetable tanning was used in ancient Egypt (Reed ; Abdelmaksoud ), to our knowledge no scientific analysis has reported vegetable tannins in pre‐Roman artefacts. Indeed, the use of vegetable tanning prior to Roman times has been disputed by scholars (van Driel‐Murray, , ) and conclusive analysis is still required to detect markers of vegetable tanning in ancient samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This work aims to study the processing of animal skins in ancient Egypt through technical examination of ancient Egyptian leather objects from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A complementary multi‐analytical approach was adopted to identify organic and inorganic materials found in leather (Ganitisa et al ; Chaplin et al ; Elnaggar et al ; Abdelmaksoud ; Muralha et al ; Falcão and Araújo ). Analytical investigations of the well‐documented archaeological leather collection focused on assessing the development and propagation of the technologies of the ancient leatherworkers by identifying the animal origin of leather and the materials used during processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characterization of Vegetable Tannins and Colouring Agents in Ancient Egyptian Leather from the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

et al. 2016

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This work characterizes both tanning and colouring materials found in ancient Egyptian leather objects from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The analytical investigations focused on assessing the development of the technology of ancient tanners using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray radiography and a scanning electron microscope connected to an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX). Reference leather samples and archaeological leather objects were investigated to identify the animal skin species and the early use of hydrolyzable vegetable tannins for leather tanning. Different methods were used to colour th leather, including madder dying and staining with hematite, or painting with Egyptian blue and Egyptian green.

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“…pH measurements were conducted in accordance with Gomaa [8] using a flat-surfaced pH electrode (METTLER TOLEDO S400 instrument, Switzerland). A drop of distilled water was placed on the paper surface, and a pH electrode was placed on the paper.…”

Section: Ph Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing ancient Chinese handmade Lajian paper exhibiting an orange-red color

et al. 2019

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The ancient technique employed to produce Lajian paper-a very famous Chinese traditional handmade paperhas been lost. However, widespread restoration of the traditional skills used in the paper's production is emerging in China. A small piece of orange-red Lajian paper dating from the Qing dynasty and decorated with flecked Ag and Au was chosen as the subject of this study to investigate the paper's composition and structure using optical microscopy (OM), SEM-EDS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The results revealed that the raw materials constituting the Lajian paper were bast and bamboo fibers. Each of the two paper layers was treated differently. First, the upper orange-red layer was treated with kaolinite and organic turmeric. Next, inorganic minium nt was used to obtain an orange-red color. Animal glue was used as a binding medium. Finally, the dyed surface was waxed with Chinese insect wax and then polished with small stones to form a smooth coating. The same treatment, except for the intentional use of inorganic pigment, was applied to the backing layer. Turmeric dye, minium, and wax coating protected Lajian paper from humidity and mold growth while maintaining the stability of the paper.

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Analytical techniques used for the evaluation of a 19th century quranic manuscript conditions

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

The Characterization of Vegetable Tannins and Colouring Agents in Ancient Egyptian Leather from the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Analyzing ancient Chinese handmade Lajian paper exhibiting an orange-red color

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