Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes: a review

Trojanowicz, Marek

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2005.11.008

Cited by 691 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…CNTs have been widely used as electrodes because they show important advantages with respect to other classic electrode materials [11][12][13][14]. In particular, free-standing CNT electrodes represent an innovative factor for very attractive applications, such as electrochemical sensors [15,16], laser absorber [16], gas flowmeter [16], gas heater [16], supercapacitors [17], in thermoacoustic applications [18] and in batteries [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroelectrochemistry at free-standing carbon nanotubes electrodes

Ibáñez

Garoz‐Ruiz

Plana

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms 1. ISE member. Abstract.A versatile and low-cost methodology for fabricating free-standing carbon nanotubes (CNT) electrodes for electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical applications is described. The uniformity, flexibility and resistance to bending of these films make them one of the most interesting membranes in a wide range of applications. CNT electrodes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and their electrochemical performance was assessed employing various redox species such as ferrocenemethanol, hexacyanoferrate (II) and dopamine. Free-standing single-walled CNT electrodes exhibit good conductivity and transparency to UV-Vis radiation, making them suitable as optically transparent electrodes. This is exemplified by monitoring, using UV-Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry, the electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on one face of the free-standing CNT electrodes, while the other face remained unmodified.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroelectrochemistry at free-standing carbon nanotubes electrodes

Ibáñez

Garoz‐Ruiz

Plana

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The properties of CNTs could be chemically modified by addition of halogens, as fluorine. [6][7][8][9] Some authors have reported that the functionalization of CNTs with fluorine significantly changes their electrical, mechanical and optical properties. 8 In this sense, the determination of F in CNT is an important task in order to evaluate the performance of this material for many applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride determination in carbon nanotubes by ion selective electrode

Antes

Pereira

Spadoa

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A determinação de fluoreto por eletrodo íon seletivo (ISE) em nanotubos de carbono (CNTs) é proposta após a decomposição por piroidrólise. Até 1 g de amostra pode ser decomposta, obtendo-se assim baixos limites de detecção (1,5 mg g -1 ), boa precisão (RSD < 5%) e exatidão (concordância maior do que 95% com os valores dos materiais de referencia certificados (CRMs) e combustão iniciada por microondas (MIC)). O fluoreto é absorvido em água e a solução resultante pode ser analisada diretamente por ISE. A pirohidrólise é simples de ser executada e não requer instrumentação sofisticada, sendo bastante atrativa para controle de fluoreto em NTCs em análises de rotina.Fluoride determination by ion selective electrode (ISE) in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is proposed after pyrohydrolysis decomposition. Up to 1 g of CNTs could be decomposed improving the limit of detection (1.5 mg g -1 ), precision (RSD < 5%) and accuracy (agreement higher than 95% with values of certified reference materials (CRMs) and microwave-induced combustion (MIC)). Fluoride could be absorbed in water and the resulting solution can be analyzed by ISE. Pyrohydrolysis is easy to be performed and does not require any sophisticated instrumentation, which is attractive for routine fluoride control in CNTs.Keywords: carbon nanotubes, fluoride, ion selective electrode, pyrohydrolysis sample preparation IntroductionNowadays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered a promising material for several nanotechnological applications (mainly in science and medicine) due to their extraordinary electronic, mechanical and structural properties. [1][2][3][4][5] The properties of CNTs could be chemically modified by addition of halogens, as fluorine. [6][7][8][9] Some authors have reported that the functionalization of CNTs with fluorine significantly changes their electrical, mechanical and optical properties. 8 In this sense, the determination of F in CNT is an important task in order to evaluate the performance of this material for many applications. However, there is a lack of analytical procedures suitable for CNT analysis, especially related to F determination. Some works have been published concerning CNT analysis, but they are generally devoted to structural characterization, purity evaluation, metals determination, among others. 10-14 Current procedures recommended for CNT analysis are related to microwaveassisted acid digestion or dry ashing. 10,11 However, these procedures used for sample digestion are not suitable for further halogens due to the low sample mass that could be digested or the low decomposition efficiency. 10,13 Additionally, some drawbacks are related to analyte losses during sample treatment, even using closed vessels. 15 Recently, a method was proposed for halogen determination in CNTs using microwave-induced combustion (MIC) for sample decomposition and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ion chromatography (IC) and also ion selective electrode (ISE) for analyte measurement. 16 It was possible to digest up to 500 mg of CNT s...

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“…A review illustrated a growing number of applications of CNT in analytical chemistry. 19 Another review covered the recent advances in the development of new designs of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on the use of modified electrode surfaces with CNT. 20 No report related to the CITH electrochemical behavior in literature was found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical reduction of the mycotoxin citrinin at bare and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes glassy carbon electrodes in a non-aqueous reaction medium

Zachetti¹,

Granero²,

Robledo³

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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O mecanismo de redução eletroquímica de citrinina em acetonitrila mais (C 4 H 9 ) 4 NClO 4 0,1 mol L -1 tanto em eletrodo de carbono vítreo (GC) não modificado quanto em eletrodo GC modificado com nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas foi investigado por voltametria cíclica e eletrólise a potencial controlado. Os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir um mecanismo de eletroredução complexo com etapas químicas e eletroquímicas, acopladas à reação inicial de transferência de elétron. Citrinina apresentou pico catódico único que corresponde no mínimo a duas etapas de redução envolvendo um elétron e duas reações químicas homogêneas, segundo mecanismo de autoprotonação do tipo ECEC (transferência de elétron acoplada com aceitação de próton). As reações químicas se originam nas transferências de próton intermolecular do substrato para os seus produtos intermédios básicos de redução, caracterizando um mecanismo de autoprotonação. Análise cinética por procedimentos de simulação de resultados voltamétricos permitiu uma caracterização completa do mecanismo de redução heterogêneo de citrinina.Electrochemical reduction mechanism of citrinin in acetonitrile plus 0.1 mol L -1 (C 4 H 9 ) 4 NClO 4 at both bare and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube glassy carbon (GC) electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis. Results allowed to infer a complex electroreduction mechanism with chemical and electrochemical steps coupled to the initial electron transfer reaction. Citrinin shows a single cathodic peak that corresponds at least to two electron reduction steps and two homogeneous chemical reactions, conforming to an ECEC (electron-transfer coupled with proton acceptance) self-protonation mechanism. The chemical reactions are originated in the intermolecular proton transfers from the substrate to its basic reduction intermediates, featuring a self-protonation mechanism. Kinetics analysis by simulation procedures of voltammetric results permitted a fully characterization of the mechanism of citrinin heterogeneous reduction.Keywords: citrinin, mycotoxins, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry IntroductionMycotoxins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by fungi of different species and have different structural characteristics. 1 Some mycotoxins are carcinogenic, others are immunosuppressive, vasoactive and others can cause central nervous system damage. Sometimes, the same mycotoxin can cause more than one type of toxic effect. 1 Citrinin or (3R, 4S)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxi-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (CITH, Figure 1) was first isolated from filamentous fungus Penicillium citrinum. 2 It is also produced by other species of Penicillium, 3 Aspergillus 4 and Monascus. 5 Electrochemical Reduction of the Mycotoxin Citrinin at Bare and Modified J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1132 CITH crystallizes in a disordered structure, with both p-quinone and o-quinone tautomeric forms in a dynamic equilibrium in the solid state (Figur...

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Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes: a review

Cited by 691 publications

References 102 publications

Spectroelectrochemistry at free-standing carbon nanotubes electrodes

Spectroelectrochemistry at free-standing carbon nanotubes electrodes

Fluoride determination in carbon nanotubes by ion selective electrode

Electrochemical reduction of the mycotoxin citrinin at bare and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes glassy carbon electrodes in a non-aqueous reaction medium

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