“…In the AEM, groundwater flow is generally expressed with reference to complex potential (Ω) (Gaur et al, ): where Φ is the discharge potential (L 3 T −1 ) and ψ is the stream function (L 3 T −1 ). In a combined confined and unconfined aquifer, the discharge potential Φ can be expressed as (Batista et al, ; Strack, ) where H is the thickness of aquifer (L) and b is the elevation of aquifer base (L). In the AEM, pumping well is represented by a point sink, river is represented by a line sink, infiltration is represented by an areal sink, and no‐flow boundary or inhomogeneity domain is represented by line doublets.…”