Analysis of Water Losses and Assessment of Initiatives Aimed at Their Reduction in Selected Water Supply Systems

Abstract

This paper presents the analysis and assessment of water losses in water distribution systems of three water supply companies operating water supply networks in the area of effect of underground mining. The analysis of water losses was conducted based on numerous indices allowing for obtaining objective information on the condition of the water supply system. The method of the analysis of percentage water loss index was extended by the methods of determination of losses according to the International Water Association. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that with regular actions, the companies have reduced water losses in recent years to a level considered to be good compared to national data and average compared to international standards. The value of the failure intensity index for all companies in 2011 was over 1.0 while currently it is about 0.5. The decrease in Non-Revenue Water basic loss index (NRWB) from more than 20% for all analysed companies in 2008 to a few percent in 2017 and the decrease in Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for companies A and C to less than 2.0 are evidence of the good condition of the network. This is also confirmed by the unit water loss index per capita, with its value in 2017 being 9.1 dm3/(inhabitant day) for company A, 11 dm3/(inhabitant·day) for B and 7.4 dm3/(inhabitant·day) for C. The several years of analysis and evaluation of numerous indices of water loss presented in the paper reveals the effectiveness of the adopted strategies of reducing leakages in the distribution system. It should be emphasized that the analysed companies have been involved in comprehensive initiatives aimed at reducing water leakages, resulting in a substantial reduction in water losses. GIS monitoring systems and databases are particularly helpful in reducing water losses. The basis of the activities is monitoring of flow and pressure in water supply networks and active leakage control. Network zoning with simultaneous observation of minimum night-time flows allows for preliminary location of the failure. Equipping companies with special leakage detection devices such as geophones, stethophones or correlators enables quick detection of leakages. The next step is to replace water meters with more and more accurate ones and to implement radio reading of water meters. All analysed companies perform systematic replacement of old steel and cast iron pipes which cause a large number of leakages that are often difficult to identify, thus leading to water losses.

Investigating the implementation of and accountability in PPPs: a case study in public water management

“…The problem of non-revenue water, i.e. loss of water caused by technical and managerial defaults of the water supply chain is equally appealing (AL-Washali et al, 2019;Bhagat et al, 2019;Frauendorfer and Liemberger, 2010;Ociepa et al, 2019). Water becomes more expensive than expected when there is a leakage in the supplying infrastructures; an issue that is common in emerging economies (Malm et al, 2015).…”

The strategic development for water loss prevention

“…Consequently, administration should consider whether it is, in general, financially sustainable to bear the costs in the long run (Muhammetoğlu et al 2018). It is really attractive that the strategies should be on ready, but in the later stage the process may slow down as there might be some budget cuts resulting from the strategies in unfortunate situations (Ociepa et al 2019). To avoid the former, it is strongly recommended to set up pilot projects to develop the mentioned strategies.…”

Consumers’ Perceptions of the Supply of Tap Water in Crisis Situations

“…A probability of occurrence can be estimated for each of these. As Bernstein [13] notes the perception of crisis risk by consumers of water differing both qualitatively and quantitatively, key issues must be survey-respondents' assessment of the nuisance that interruptions to the water supply actually represent for them, as well as knowledge of the causes of breaks in water supply, and the discomforts and losses these cause [14,15]. Against that background, crisis needs to be seen as having a variety of common meanings-as the probability of undesirable event, health risk and maximum assumed loss.…”