Analysis of Tomato Carotenoids: Comparing Extraction and Chromatographic Methods

Dzakovich, Michael P.; Gas-Pascual, Elisabet; Orchard, Caleb J.; Sari, Eka N.; Riedl, Ken M.; Schwartz, Steven J.; Francis, David M.; Cooperstone, Jessica L.

doi:10.5740/jaoacint.19-0017

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Concentrations of tSGAs in tomato products were normalized for serving size to contextualize how much might be ingested in a given meal. Other tomato phytochemicals, such as lycopene, tend to be found in concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 9.93 mg/100 g FW in fresh tomatoes (Dzakovich et al, 2019). Compared to major carotenoids found in tomato, tSGA concentrations were comparable (0.2 to 3.4 mg/serving) (Cooperstone, 2020).…”

Section: Grocery Store Surveymentioning

confidence: 93%

A High-Throughput Extraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato

2020

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Tomato steroidal glycoalkaloids (tSGAs) are a class of cholesterol-derived metabolites uniquely produced by the tomato clade. These compounds provide protection against biotic stress due to their fungicidal and insecticidal properties. Although commonly reported as being anti-nutritional, both in vitro as well as pre-clinical animal studies have indicated that some tSGAs may have a beneficial impact on human health. However, the paucity of quantitative extraction and analysis methods presents a major obstacle for determining the biological and nutritional functions of tSGAs. To address this problem, we developed and validated the first comprehensive extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) quantification method for tSGAs. Our extraction method allows for up to 16 samples to be extracted simultaneously in 20 min with 93.0 ± 6.8 and 100.8 ± 13.1% recovery rates for tomatidine and alpha-tomatine, respectively. Our UHPLC-MS/MS method was able to chromatographically separate analytes derived from 18 tSGA peaks representing 9 different tSGA masses, as well as two internal standards, in 13 min. Tomato steroidal glycoalkaloids that did not have available standards were annotated using high resolution mass spectrometry as well as product ion scans that provided fragmentation data. Lastly, we utilized our method to survey a variety of commonly consumed tomato-based products. Total tSGA concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 3.4 mg/serving and represent some of the first reported tSGA concentrations in tomatobased products. Our validation studies indicate that our method is sensitive, robust, and able to be used for a variety of applications where concentrations of biologically relevant tSGAs need to be quantified.

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Section: Grocery Store Surveymentioning

confidence: 93%

A High-Throughput Extraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato

2020

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“…Particularly, tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely used as a fruit model for carotenoid synthesis [ 105 ]. Lycopene is the most abundant carotenoid in this fruit, and their synthesis correlates with SlPSY1 expression [ 106 , 107 , 108 ]. Tomato has three SlPSY paralogs— SlPSY1 predominantly expressed in fruits and petals, SlPSY2 in leaves, sepals, and petals, and SlPSY3 in roots, particularly after deprivation of phosphate and mycorrhization [ 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ].…”

Section: Carotenoid Synthesis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light

Quian-Ulloa

Stange

2021

IJMS

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Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts’ development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode arrays or mass spectrometry (MS) detectors have been utilized for carotenoid analysis due to high precision, reproducibility and low detection limits [ 7 ]. UV-visible spectrophotometry is also extensively utilized for carotenoid analysis using the linear correlation between absorbance and concentration of carotenoids [ 3 , 8 ]. Other methods used less frequently for carotenoid analysis and profiling include matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) [ 9 ], supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry [ 10 ], and NMR [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Phenotyping Approach for Screening Major Carotenoids of Tomato by Handheld Raman Spectroscopy Using Chemometric Methods

Akpolat

Barineau²,

Jackson³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Our objective was to develop a rapid technique for the non-invasive profiling and quantification of major tomato carotenoids using handheld Raman spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition techniques. A total of 106 samples with varying carotenoid profiles were provided by the Ohio State University Tomato Breeding and Genetics program and Lipman Family Farms (Naples, FL, USA). Non-destructive measurement from the surface of tomatoes was performed by a handheld Raman spectrometer equipped with a 1064 nm excitation laser, and data analysis was performed using soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA)), artificial neural network (ANN), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) for classification and quantification purposes. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV/visible spectrophotometry were used for profiling and quantification of major carotenoids. Seven groups were identified based on their carotenoid profile, and supervised classification by SIMCA and ANN clustered samples with 93% and 100% accuracy based on a validation test data, respectively. All-trans-lycopene and β-carotene levels were measured with a UV-visible spectrophotometer, and prediction models were developed using PLSR and ANN. Regression models developed with Raman spectra provided excellent prediction performance by ANN (rpre = 0.9, SEP = 1.1 mg/100 g) and PLSR (rpre = 0.87, SEP = 2.4 mg/100 g) for non-invasive determination of all-trans-lycopene in fruits. Although the number of samples were limited for β-carotene quantification, PLSR modeling showed promising results (rcv = 0.99, SECV = 0.28 mg/100 g). Non-destructive evaluation of tomato carotenoids can be useful for tomato breeders as a simple and rapid tool for developing new varieties with novel profiles and for separating orange varieties with distinct carotenoids (high in β-carotene and high in cis-lycopene).

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Analysis of Tomato Carotenoids: Comparing Extraction and Chromatographic Methods

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

A High-Throughput Extraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato

A High-Throughput Extraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato

Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light

High-Throughput Phenotyping Approach for Screening Major Carotenoids of Tomato by Handheld Raman Spectroscopy Using Chemometric Methods

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