Analysis of Time Use Surveys Using CO-STATIS: A Multiway Data Analysis of Gender Inequalities in Time Use in Colombia

Abstract

The aim of this article was to study 23 time use activities measured in the two latest Colombian National Time Use Surveys, taken in 2013 (with 119,899 participants over the age of 10) and in 2017 (with a sample of 122,620 participants), to identify similarities and differences between the years of the survey by gender, age group, and socioeconomic level. The study’s results were obtained using the CO-STATIS multiway multivariate data analysis technique, which is comprised of two X-STATIS analyses and co-inertia analysis. The results confirm the existence of gender issues related to time use in Colombia, which are associated with gender stereotypes that link women to unpaid work and home care, especially in low socioeconomic levels, where women face limitations in terms of the time available to earn their own income. Additionally, differences were found by socioeconomic level, where Colombians of high socioeconomic status in all age groups are able to devote more time to leisure and recreational activities.

Time Use, Health, and Well-Being across the Life Cycle: A Gender Analysis

“…In addition, for women only, more time spent caring for sick family members was associated with poorer self-reported health, more somatic and anxiety symptoms and insomnia, and less social support. Overall, these results show that with the exception of adolescence, women spend more time on unpaid work than men, as has been found in other countries (Anxo et al 2011;Bianchi et al 2012;Hagqvist et al 2012;EIGE 2023;International Labour Organization 2023;Kan et al 2011;Medina-Hernández et al 2021;Seedat and Rondon 2021). Moreover, the findings from the present study show that unpaid work, with the exception of childcare, has a negative impact on women's health and well-being that is not evident for men, findings that are consistent with those of other studies (Ervin et al 2022).…”

“…Among women, time spent on housework was closely related to their sociodemographic characteristics, with older women, those with more children and those with less education spending more time per day on housework. These findings are consistent with those from other countries, where women have consistently spent more time per day on housework than men (Anxo et al 2011;Bianchi et al 2012;Hagqvist et al 2012;Kan et al 2011;Medina-Hernández et al 2021;Seedat and Rondon 2021). In addition, while for men, more time spent on housework was only statistically significantly associated with greater environmental mastery, for women, more time spent on housework was associated with poorer physical and mental health, lower well-being, and less social support.…”

“…Time use is recognized as one of the most important social and economic determinants of gender inequality (Medina-Hernández et al 2021). A regular measurement of time use is crucial for identifying and analyzing gender inequalities and providing relevant information for overcoming the sexual division of labor, implementing public policies, and moving towards a care society.…”

“…It makes it possible to take into account the unpaid work disproportionately performed by women; to value care as a necessity, a job, and a right; and to estimate the multiplier effects of promoting the care economy on the well-being of society (CEPAL 2023). Surveys and research conducted over decades in different countries have consistently shown that there are differences in time use between women and men, with women performing more unpaid work (Anxo et al 2011;Bianchi et al 2012;EIGE 2023;Ervin et al 2022;Hagqvist et al 2012;Medina-Hernández et al 2021). Globally, women perform three times more domestic work and care than men (Seedat and Rondon 2021).…”

Women’s tendency in work involvement: A study of female labour force in Indonesia

“…As a consequence, the only jobs left for them are part-time jobs, jobs with few demands, and little pay. During recruitment process, women are not prioritised while male worker enjoy longer work hours (Medina-Hernández et al, 2021), and earn higher wages in the labour market (Akhtar et al, 2023;Belasen & Angiello, 2018;Larraz et al, 2019;Jara Díaz & Candia Riquelme, 2017). An increase in wage supply will increase women's interest in engaging in work (De Hoyos, 2011), although this principle applies also to men.…”