Analysis of the world distribution of metal-rich subsea manganese nodules

McKelvey, V.E.; Wright, Nancy A.; Bowen, Roger W.

doi:10.3133/cir886

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Interest in mining these deposits developed fol lowing a series of papers by Mero (1959Mero ( ,1965 who called attention to the feasibility of their commercial recovery. McKelvey and others (1983) suggested that molybdenum, vanadium, and several of the rare earth elements might also be recoverable as by-products of possible future ex tractions of nickel, copper, and cobalt. These elements, as well as titanium, zinc, barium, lead, strontium, and yttrium, are present in the nodules in the range of < 0.01 to nearly 0.1 percent (McKelvey and others, 1983).…”

Section: By David Z Piper and Theresa R Swint-iki Us Geological mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McKelvey and others (1983) suggested that molybdenum, vanadium, and several of the rare earth elements might also be recoverable as by-products of possible future ex tractions of nickel, copper, and cobalt. These elements, as well as titanium, zinc, barium, lead, strontium, and yttrium, are present in the nodules in the range of < 0.01 to nearly 0.1 percent (McKelvey and others, 1983). Mero (1965) outlined the features of the geographic distribution of nodules in the Pacific Ocean and the re gional variations in their composition.…”

Section: By David Z Piper and Theresa R Swint-iki Us Geological mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral-resources map of the Circum-Pacific region, Northwest Quadrant

1999

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Land resources 5 Precambrian basement 5 Platform cover rocks of Phanerozoic age 7 Deformed basinal (geosynclinal) sediments of Phanerozoic age 8 Sediment-hosted deposits 8 Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits 8 Stratabound manganese deposits 8 Ultramafic rocks 9 Metamorphic complexes 9 Intrusive rocks of Phanerozoic age 9 Pegmatite, greisen, and skarn deposits 10 Porphyry deposits 11 Vein deposits 12 Terrestrial volcanic rocks 12 Surficial deposits including placers 12 Seafloor resources 13 Seafloor sediment 13 Ferromanganese nodules 14 Ferromanganese crust 16 Polymetallic sulfides 16 Phosphorites and phosphatized rocks 17 Heavy-mineral deposits 18 References and additional sources of data 18 Figure 1. Index map showing principle morphological features of the Northwest Quadrant 6 Table 1. List of large-sized and remarkable deposits in the Northwest Quadrant 25 ill 1981 to 1992), and the geodynamic (published from 1984 to 1990) maps; all of them include seven map sheets. The thematic map series in the process of completing publication include Geologic (publication initiated in 1983), Tectonic (publication initiated in 1991), Energy-Resources (publication initiated in 1986), and Mineral-Resources (publication initiated in 1984) maps. Altogether, 57 map sheets are planned. The maps are prepared cooperatively by the

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Section: By David Z Piper and Theresa R Swint-iki Us Geological mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: By David Z Piper and Theresa R Swint-iki Us Geological mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral-resources map of the Circum-Pacific region, Northwest Quadrant

1999

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“…Raw geochemical data were taken directly from McKelvey (1983) who, in turn, retrieved them from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO) Nodule Data Base (Frazer and Fisk, 1980). Data were prepared by forward transformation of coordinates from geographic to Cartesian coordinates in the Hatano equal area projection (Evenden, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Deep sea manganese nodules are recognized as a potential resource of nickel, copper, manganese and, to a lesser extent, cobalt. Few studies have been oriented toward detailed specification of the nature and distribution of nodule geochemistry on a global basis (McKelvey, 1983;Lenoble, 1992).…”

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confidence: 99%

Composite and disaggregated maps as preliminary aids to analysis of manganese nodule geochemistry

Botbol¹

1992

Open-File Report

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Introduction 1 Overview of manganese nodules Purpose 1 Acknowledgements 2 Data description 2 Original data 2 Gridding 2 Statistical summary 2 Pre-selected model areas 3 Spatial distributions 4 Composite maps 4 Disaggregated maps 4 Maps and comments 4 Two selected case studies 48 Cobalt 48 Nickel 48 Conclusions 48 References 49 characteristics are mapped as grey-levels in both disaggregated and conventional composite form. Class number ranges are used instead of actual weight-percent in order to facilitate comparisons between variables. For multiple variable comparisons, the disaggregated maps, one for each concentration range in its companion composite map, reduce the likelihood of "next-step" investigation of apparently rich targets that are truly barren, and provide greater facility in correlating the variables with geological and geochemical features than conventional composite maps alone.

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“…Manganese balances for the oceans indicate that the nodule material is derived to a small extent from exogen ous sources (influx from the continents and from submarine weathering) and to a larger extent from endogenous ones (volcanism and exhalations), where it is assumed that considerable accumulation has occurred in pre-Pleistocene beds, with a maxi mum of nodule formation in the Eocene period [9,12,16]. The economic significance of the nodules is determined primarily by combined contents of manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper oxides in excess of 35%, the sum of nickel and copper at least 1.1% and cobalt above 0.5%, or the sum of copper, nickel and cobalt 2% for the same manganese con tent [10,13].…”

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confidence: 99%