“…Type of housing (e.g., open‐water or a sterilized pool), an artificial diet with limited variety, and antibiotic usage in captivity have a profound impact on the intestinal microbiota, as seen in differences between the intestinal microbiota of wild and captive ptarmigans, Lagopus muta (Ushida, Segawa, Tsuchida, & Murata, 2016), black howler monkeys, Alouatta pigra (Nakamura et al, 2011), southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina , leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx (Nelson, Rogers, Carlini, & Brown, 2013b), and dugongs, Dugong dugon (Eigeland et al, 2012). In addition, Sun, Liu, Liu, Yuan, and Lu (2019) showed that the core gut microbiota of wild and captive Pere David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus , strongly coevolved and plays essential roles (e.g., digestion and absorption of nutrients) in the host species.…”