Analysis of Testicular Migration During the Fetal Period in Humans

Sampaio, Francisco J.B.; Favorito, Luciano A.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63980-6

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The fetuses died of causes unrelated to the urogenital tract and no external evidence of congenital malformations was detected. The gestational age of the fetuses was estimated according to the foot length principle (13)(14)(15)(16), which is nowadays this is the most acceptable method to estimate the fetal age. The relationships between the fetal age, the weight and the vertex-coccyx length (VC) is shown on Table-1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses

et al. 2007

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Objective: To describe the arrangement of the muscle fibers of the striated urethral sphincter and its relationship with the prostate during the fetal period in humans. Materials and Methods:We analyzed 17 prostates from well preserved fresh human fetuses ranging in age from 10 to 31 weeks postconception (WPC). Transversal sections were obtained and stained with Gomori's trichrome and immunolabeled with anti alpha-actin antibody. Results: We found that the urethral striated sphincter (rabdosphincter) is located on the periphery of the smooth muscle and there was no merge between striated and smooth muscle fibers in any fetal period. In the prostate apex, the striated sphincter shows a circular arrangement and covers completely the urethra externally, whereas adjacent to verumontanum, it looks like a "horseshoe" and covers only the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra. Near the bladder neck, in fetuses younger than 20 WPC, we have found striated muscle fibers only at the anterior surface of the prostate, while in fetuses older than 20 WPC, the striated muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the prostate. Conclusions: The urethral sphincter muscle covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of the urethra in all fetuses older than 20 WPC, close to the bladder neck and at the distal prostate. In the region of the prostate apex, the urethral sphincter covers completely the urethra circularly. The knowledge of the normal anatomy of the urethral sphincter in fetuses could be important to understand its alterations in congenital anomalies involving the base of the bladder, the bladder neck and the proximal urethra.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses

et al. 2007

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“…[3] During the human foetal period, the testis migrates from the abdomen to scrotum traversing the abdominal wall and the inguinal canal between 15 t h and 28 t h -week post conception (WPC). [4][5] …”

Section: Testicular Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular descend, how and why: a review Article

Agrawal¹

2017

Int J Med Rev Case Rep

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Background:The testis develops in the dorsal abdominal wall, and then descends to the scrotum. The development begins as early as the 6th week of intrauterine life and is completed by the fifth month of intrauterine life. The testis may get arrested during its descent from dorsal abdominal wall to the scrotum. The anomalies of descent include cryptorchism (and its variant like anarchism, monarchism or partially descended testis), ectopic testis, persistent processus vaginalis and encysted hydrocele of the spermatic cord, and others. Cryptorchism is usually diagnosed during the newly born examination. The recognition of this condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely treatment by a surgical urologist is important to prevent adverse consequences like sterility, congenital hernia & hydrocoele, testicular carcinoma, and others. Objectives: The objective of this review is to study the role of gubernaculum in the testicular migration process. Material & Method: We performed a descriptive review of the literature about the role of the gubernaculum in testicular migration during the human fetal life. This article provides an overview of the role of gubernaculum and other factors responsible for gonadal migration. Results: In the first phase of testicular movement the gubernaculum enlarges to hold the testis near the groin and in the second phase the gubernaculum migrates across the pubic region to reach the scrotum. The proximal end of gubernaculum is attached to the testis and epididymis. The lower end reaches to the bottom of the scrotum. A failure in the proper functioning of gubernaculum causes cryptorchism. Rarely male gonads may deviate from primary pathway due to the presence of many tails of distal gubernaculum, and it may give rise to the ectopic testis. The processus vaginalis usually closes by birth. If it remains patent, it leads to a congenital hernia, hydrocele and encysted hydrocele. Conclusion: the gubernaculum presents a significant structure during testicular migration, and its failed mechanism gives rise to different pathological conditions.

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“…During the human fetal period, the testes migrate from the abdomen to the scrotum, traversing the abdominal wall and the inguinal canal between the 15th and the 28th week postconception [1,2]. Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies among males, with a rate between 2 and 5% of full-term births, a rate that can reach 30% in premature babies [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

340 Relationship between Undescended Testis Position and Prevalence of Testicular Appendices, Epididymal Anomalies and Patency of Processus Vaginalis

Favorito

Gallo

Costa

et al. 2018

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Objectives. To assess the incidence of testicular appendices (Tas), epididymal anomalies (EAs), and processus vaginalis (PV) patency in patients with undescended testis (UT) according to testicular position and to compare them with human fetuses. Methods. We studied 85 patients (108 testes) with cryptorchidism and compared the features with those of 15 fetuses (30 testes) with scrotal testes. We analyzed the relationships among the testis and epididymis, patency of PV, and the presence of TAs. We used the Chi-square test for statistical analysis ( < 0.05). Results. In 108 UT, 72 (66.66%) had PV patent, 67 (62.03%) had TAs, and 39 (36.12%) had EAs. Of the 108 UT, 14 were abdominal (12.96%; 14 had PV patency, 9 TAs, and 7 EAs); 81 were inguinal (75%; 52 had PV patency, 45 TAs, and 31 EAs), and 13 were suprascrotal (12.03%; 6 had PV patency, 13 TAs, and 1 EAs). The patency of PV was more frequently associated with EAs ( = 0.00364). The EAs had a higher prevalence in UT compared with fetuses ( = 0.0005). Conclusions. Undescended testis has a higher risk of anatomical anomalies and the testes situated in abdomen and inguinal canal have a higher risk of presenting patency of PV and EAs.

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Analysis of Testicular Migration During the Fetal Period in Humans

Abstract: Until 23 weeks after conception the majority of testes remain in the abdomen. The more intense migration of the testes through the inguinal canal occurred between 21 and 25 weeks after conception. After 30 weeks after conception all testes were descended to the scrotum in all fetuses.

Cited by 59 publications

References 19 publications

Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses

Disposition of the striated urethral sphincter and its relation to the prostate in human fetuses

Testicular descend, how and why: a review Article

340 Relationship between Undescended Testis Position and Prevalence of Testicular Appendices, Epididymal Anomalies and Patency of Processus Vaginalis

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